The Occurrence and Origin of DDT in Human Milk

Vuori, Erkki; Tyllinen, Hilkka; Kuitunen, P; Paganus, Aila

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1977.tb07986.x

Cited by 31 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…1974;Wegman & Greve 1974;Pesendorfer 1975;Rappl & Waiblinger 1975;Thielemann & Grahneis 1978). Furthermore, the present results corresponded well with results from Sweden and Finland (Westoo &Norttn 1978;Vuori et a/. 1977).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…exposure, age and weight of the women, eating and drinking habits, cigarette smoking, number of children nursed, fat content of the milk, time of sampling during the lactation period, seasonal variations etc. (Bakken & Seip 1976;Bradt & Herrenkohll976;Polishuket al 1977;Vuori et al 1977;Miller et al 1978;Westoo & Nortn 1978;Barnett et al 1979;De Campos & Olszyna-Marzys 1979). In the present survey it was, however, difficult to control the many parameters involved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Persistent Organochlorinated Compounds in Norwegian Human Milk in 1979

Skaare¹

1981

Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica

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The levels of the persistent organochlorine compounds HCB, sum‐DDT (1.1 DDE+1.1 DDD+DDT), DDE and PCBs were determined in 133 Norwegian human milk samples from 7 cities with various degrees of industrialization. All samples contained organochlorines. No dramatic geographical differences were observed. The average HCB, sum‐DDT, DDE and PCB levels in human milk were 2.1±1.0, 29.8±23.5, 25.8±20.3 and 23.9±13.7 p.p.b. respectively (126±128, 1440±950, 1270±850 and 1210±690 p.p.b. respectively in human milk fat) which are among the lowest reported. The present results were compared to Norwegian results from 1970 and 1976. A slight decrease in the average HCB levels was observed from 1976–1979. The average PCB levels which doubled from 1970–1976 showed no or only a slight increase from 1976–1979. The distinct decrease in average sum‐DDT levels observed from 1970–1976 continued during the period 1976–1979. The present survey demonstrated that human milk is a good indicator substance in monitoring the environment for contamination by organochlorine compounds. The results were evaluated toxicologically by comparison with maximum residue limits and acceptable daily intakes (FAO/WHO 1978). It was concluded that the present levels of organochlorines in Norwegian human milk did not represent any threat to the infants' health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent Organochlorinated Compounds in Norwegian Human Milk in 1979

Skaare¹

1981

Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica

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“…Only 9 of the 41 mothers smoked (5 less than 5 cigarrettes per day, 1 between 5 and 10 and 3 up to 20 per day). In studies in other countries (15,16) higher levels of certain organochlorine compounds have been reported in milk from mothers who smoke.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, HCB Actu Paediritr Smind 70 ' j Data from reference 9. ' Data from reference 16 Data from reference 17. N.R.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Collaborative Breast Feeding Study

et al. 1981

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Individual samples of human milk collected in Uppsala at 3 months post-partum (18 samples) or 6 months post-partum (23 samples) were analysed for chlorinated insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography. The mean levels of the organochlorine compounds in the 3- and 6-month groups were similar. The mean content of DDE, the major metabolite of DDT, in all the samples was 54 micrograms/kg fresh weight (1.3 mg/kg on a fat basis) with a range of 8.4--220 micrograms/kg (0.49--3.0 mg/kg fat). The results confirm that the decline since 1967 in the levels of DDT and its metabolites in Swedish human milk reported by other authors is continuing. The levels of dieldrin and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane found are lower than those reported earlier in Sweden, whereas the levels of hexachlorobenzene are about the same. On the other hand, the levels of PCBs (mean 64 micrograms/kg, range 15--150 micrograms/kg, fresh weight, equivalent to 1.6 mg/kg, range 0.84--2.9 mg/kg, on a fat basis) are higher than those reported earlier in Swedish human milk. Although the calculated intake of the DDT complex (DDT + DDE + DDD) by some of the suckling infants exceeds the acceptable daily intake proposed by a FAO/WHO expert group, it does not constitute a reason for recommending any restrictions on breast feeding--for nutritional, immunological and other reasons it should be encouraged.

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“…10 11 Pyrolysed pesticide residue is thus inhaled by smokers and may be one source of pesticide in the body, with several studies finding positive associations between smoking and levels of residue in breast milk. [12][13][14] A 1973 study comparing samples of breast milk from women in Brisbane and Queensland's tobacco growing centre, Mareeba, found the Mareeba women had DDT at 16.9 parts per million (ppm) in their lactate compared to 8.6 ppm among the Brisbane women. The National Health and Medical Research Council's (NHMRC) tolerance level was 1.25 ppm, some 13.5 times lower than the Mareeba levels.…”

Section: Part 1: Pesticidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Keep a low profile”: pesticide residue, additives, and freon use in Australian tobacco manufacturing

Chapman

2003

Tob Control

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Objectives: To review the Australian tobacco industry’s knowledge of pesticide residue on Australian tobacco and its policies and practices on resisting calls by tobacco control advocates that consumers should be informed about pesticide residue as well as additives. Methods: Review of previously internal industry documents relevant to pesticides and additives in Australian tobacco located from the Master Settlement Agreement websites. Results: Between 1972 and 1994 Philip Morris Australia was aware that its leaf samples were often contaminated with pesticide residue, sometimes including organochlorine levels described by PM’s European laboratories as being “extremely high”. Consumers were not advised of the contamination nor products withdrawn. From 1981, the industry also resisted calls to declare fully the extent of use and long term safety data on all additives used in their products. They developed standard public responses that were evasive and misleading and, in 2000, implemented voluntary additive disclosure which allowed the companies to continue to avoid disclosure of any ingredient they deemed to be a trade secret. There was extensive use of ozone depleting freon in Australian tobacco manufacturing. Again, the industry kept this information away from consumers. Conclusions: Australian smokers are unable to make informed decisions about smoking because pesticide and additive disclosure remains voluntary. The Australian government should regulate tobacco to require full disclosure including information on the likely health consequences of inhaling pesticide and additive pyrolysis products.

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The Occurrence and Origin of DDT in Human Milk

Cited by 31 publications

References 7 publications

Persistent Organochlorinated Compounds in Norwegian Human Milk in 1979

Persistent Organochlorinated Compounds in Norwegian Human Milk in 1979

Who Collaborative Breast Feeding Study

“Keep a low profile”: pesticide residue, additives, and freon use in Australian tobacco manufacturing

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