The Occurrence and Mode of Transmission of Tularemia in Sweden

Olin, G.

doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1943.tb04552.x

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…tularensis [12, 16]. Specifically, Aedes cinereus mosquitoes have been reported as vectors for tularemia as early as 1941 [17]. Since this time, more than 10 different mosquito species have been identified to harbor and potentially transmit F .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for flower nectar to allow mosquito to mosquito transmission of Francisella tularensis

et al. 2017

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Francisella tularensis is disseminated in nature by biting arthropods such as mosquitoes. The relationship between mosquitoes and F. tularensis in nature is highly ambiguous, due in part to the fact that mosquitoes have caused significant tularemia outbreaks despite being classified as a mechanical vector of F. tularensis. One possible explanation for mosquitoes being a prominent, yet mechanical vector is that these insects feed on flower nectar between blood meals, allowing for transmission of F. tularensis between mosquitoes. Here, we aimed to assess whether F. tularensis could survive in flower nectar. Moreover, we examined if mosquitoes could interact with or ingest and transmit F. tularensis from one source of nectar to another. F. tularensis exhibited robust survivability in flower nectar with concentrations of viable bacteria remaining consistent with the rich growth medium. Furthermore, F. tularensis was able to survive (albeit to a lesser extent) in 30% sucrose (a nectar surrogate) over a period of time consistent with that of a typical flower bloom. Although we observed diminished bacterial survival in the nectar surrogate, mosquitoes that fed on this material became colonized with F. tularensis. Finally, colonized mosquitoes were capable of transferring F. tularensis to a sterile nectar surrogate. These data suggest that flower nectar may be capable of serving as a temporary source of F. tularensis that could contribute to the amplification of outbreaks. Mosquitoes that feed on an infected mammalian host and subsequently feed on flower nectar could deposit some F. tularensis bacteria into the nectar in the process. Mosquitoes subsequently feeding on this nectar source could potentially become colonized by F. tularensis. Thus, the possibility exists that flower nectar may allow for vector-vector transmission of F. tularensis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential for flower nectar to allow mosquito to mosquito transmission of Francisella tularensis

et al. 2017

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“…Some mosquitoes are infected in the natural environment, but they carry only the mechanically causative agent because there are no bacteria in their salivary glands. Aedes cinereus mosquitoes are a naturally infected form, first reported in Sweden (66). Edward Francis reported that Cimex lectularis (bedbugs) is important for tularemia transmission.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Tularemia

Gürcan¹

2014

Balkan Med J

103

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“…Clinical evidence (Hanke et al 2009) and epidemiological studies (Philip 1932, Olin 1942, Eliasson et al 2002 suggested adult mosquitoes transmit tularemia. Outbreaks in Scandinavian countries coincide with the time of year that mosquitoes are most prevalent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Type B has been isolated from ponds and streams (Forsman et al 1990) and is most frequently associated with water dwellers such as muskrats, beavers, and mosquitoes (Olin 1942, Keim et al 2007). F. tularensis subsp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Francisella tularensis in Alaskan Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and Assessment of a Laboratory Model for Transmission

Triebenbach¹,

Vogl²,

Lotspeich-Cole³

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by the Category A bioterrorism agent Francisella tularensis. In Scandinavia, tularemia transmission by mosquitoes has been widely cited in the literature. We tested >2,500 mosquitoes captured in Alaska and found Francisella DNA in 30% of pooled samples. To examine the potential for transmission of Francisella by mosquitoes, we developed a mosquito model of Francisella infection. Larvae of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Aedes aegypti (L.) readily ingest F. tularensis but do not efficiently transfer infective doses of the bacterium to the pupal or adult stage. After a bloodmeal containing Francisella, adult female An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti retained detectable levels of Francisella DNA for 3 d, but when they took a second bloodmeal, the mammalian host was not infected. This study suggests that although Francisella DNA can be detected in a significant portion of wild-caught mosquitoes, transmission of Francisella is either very inefficient or is species dependent for the Francisella strain or the arthropod vector.

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The Occurrence and Mode of Transmission of Tularemia in Sweden

Cited by 12 publications

References 6 publications

The potential for flower nectar to allow mosquito to mosquito transmission of Francisella tularensis

The potential for flower nectar to allow mosquito to mosquito transmission of Francisella tularensis

Epidemiology of Tularemia

Detection of Francisella tularensis in Alaskan Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and Assessment of a Laboratory Model for Transmission

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