The O’okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, South Africa: a review of the geology with emphasis on the petrogenesis of the cupriferous Koperberg Suite

Clifford, Tom N.; Barton, Erika S.

doi:10.1007/s00126-012-0403-x

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Lowest uranium concentrations were also observed in groundwater characterized by iron and sulfate reducing conditions (Riedel and Kübeck 2018). These observation are further supported by the fact that the O'Kiep geology consists of thick sheet of granite gneiss up to 1500 m thick (Clifford and Barton 2012). Some physical parameters, cations, anions and trace elements, such as pH, TDS, Na + , Mg 2+ , K + , F − , Cl − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Al, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn would be much higher than those of natural groundwater associated geological formations, with the physical parameters being hypothesised to be due to leaching of elements from the surrounding waste rock mine dumps and tailings.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Additionally, in the study of Leshomo (2011), As was rarely detected in the groundwater of Namaqualand area. Similarly, no uranium was detected in the OPGW for both seasons which could be due to the geology of the O'Kiep which comprise of granite (Clifford and Barton 2012). Moreover, uranium concentrations in groundwater in granite geological formations results in spatial distributions which are preferentially localized (Cho and Choo 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Seasonal variation of hydrochemical characteristics of open-pit groundwater near a closed metalliferous mine in O’Kiep, Namaqualand Region, South Africa

et al. 2020

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In this study, the hydrochemical characteristic changes of open-pit groundwater (OPGW) near a closed metalliferous mine proposed for drinking and irrigation usage were investigated. Water samples from an OPGW in O'Kiep were collected in April (dry season) and August (wet season), 2017. Data analysis methods, such as the coefficient of variation, correlation coefficient, piper trilinear plot analysis and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) among others were used to assess of the seasonal variation in the OPGW quality. The hydrochemical characteristics of the OPGW were also compared with drinking water guidelines. Based on the results, it was evident that the OPGW quality varied seasonally. The most abundant cation and anions were Ca 2+ and SO 4 2− , with recorded concentrations of 631 and 6020 mg/L, (dry season); 541 and 4450 mg/L (wet season), respectively. The OPGW was relatively rich in SO 4 2− > Cl − > Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > Na + > K + during the dry season; however, these cations and anions were reduced during the wet season with Cl − and Na + subsequently increasing. PHREEQC indicated that cation exchanges played a significant role in the OPGW chemistry with Sb and Ca appearing to be the minerals with the highest precipitation potential followed by Cu 7 S 4 and Blaubleil, respectively. Covellite, CdSe 2 and NiSe were likely to be in equilibrium while Ca 3 Sb 2 will remain in a dissolution state. Furthermore, the seasonal fluctuation in the OPGW quality characteristics was attributed to the water table level fluctuations and the water quality did not satisfy the guidelines stipulated by the South African National Standard, SANS241-1 (2015) and World Health Organisation, WHO (2011). The trilinear piper plot classified the OPGW into three types: Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -Cl − -SO 4 2 ; Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -F − ; and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -SO 4 2− . Overall, the SAR values were within the permissible levels for irrigation purposes; however, long-term use of the OPGW might be detrimental for plant growth.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Seasonal variation of hydrochemical characteristics of open-pit groundwater near a closed metalliferous mine in O’Kiep, Namaqualand Region, South Africa

et al. 2020

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“…The copper content of the Koperberg Suite in O'Kiep, is erratic, with embedded PTEs (Wulfse and Holdsworth, 1994;Stumpfl et al, 1976). The geology of O'Kiep has also been described as comprising of intrusive rocks, consisting of a thick sheet of granite (Abiye and Leshomo, 2013;Clifford and Barton, 2012). In the study of granulite facies transition in the O'Kiep area by Raith and Meisel (2001), two types of metabasites were determined to be arising along the granulite amphibolite facies.…”

Section: Geology and Hydrogeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Groundwater as an alternative source to irregular surface water in the O'Kiep area, Namaqualand, South Africa

Erdogan

Fosso‐Kankeu

Ntwampe

et al. 2019

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C

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Water insecurity is a growing concern globally and the role of groundwater and aquifers in buffering the effects of climate variability and change is increasingly acknowledged due to extended periods of drought in arid regions. Water security can only be fully realised with a more robust understanding of groundwater as a water resource, especially in the O'Kiep area which is in Namaqualand, South Africa. Results of analyses of groundwater samples (n ¼ 8) indicated that pH values met acceptable standards for drinking, while the total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were however not within the recommended limits. The chemical composition of the groundwater indicated Eh values À 34.1 to À 87.2 mV, indicative of reducing geochemical conditions with the most abundant ions being Cl -, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, F -, Na þ , Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ and K þ . Furthermore, some of the ions were not within the guidelines, i.e. Cl À , SO 4 2þ , Na þ , Ca 2þ and Mg 2þ , but all the potential toxic elements,

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“…O'kiep is a small town in the Northern Cape, South Africa and it is a well-known copper mining yielded approximately two million tons of copper [11]- [13]. Okiep located approximately 600 km from North-West of Cape Town as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Metals Bioavailability in the Soils of O’kiep, South Africa

2017

Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa ASETWM-17, RCABES-17 &Amp; EBHSSS-17

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Abstract-Mining activities cause environmental pollutionproblems by contaminating nearby areas with heavy metals (HM) such as Cu, Fe, Zn and Al from overburden and leachates. HM can leach into groundwater, be transferred into rivers, and streams by surface run-off, in a form of dissolved species or as a part of suspended solids, culminating in their accumulation to toxic levels in the ecosystem downstream of the source. In view of such mobility attributed to bioavailability, the objective of this study was to assess the bioavailability and mobility of HM species in the sediments around a closed copper mine and subsequent to analysis with XRF, FTIR and a three-step sequential extraction process. Cu, Zn and Mn were predominantly bound to carbonates and could thus be easily desorbed during moisture laden periods, which will increase their bioavailability thus mobility, away from the source. The BCR fractions also showed that under oxidative reductive conditions, Fe species bound to Fe-Mn oxides, thus can be de-bonded in the presence of an acidified environment; therefore, be mobile for redistribute further downstream from the point of source and further contaminating pollutant free areas.

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The O’okiep Copper District, Namaqualand, South Africa: a review of the geology with emphasis on the petrogenesis of the cupriferous Koperberg Suite

Cited by 18 publications

References 53 publications

Seasonal variation of hydrochemical characteristics of open-pit groundwater near a closed metalliferous mine in O’Kiep, Namaqualand Region, South Africa

Seasonal variation of hydrochemical characteristics of open-pit groundwater near a closed metalliferous mine in O’Kiep, Namaqualand Region, South Africa

Groundwater as an alternative source to irregular surface water in the O'Kiep area, Namaqualand, South Africa

Prediction of Metals Bioavailability in the Soils of O’kiep, South Africa

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