The nutritional significance of endogenous n‐losses along the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals

Tamminga, S.; Schulze, H.; Bruchem, J. van; Huisman, J.

doi:10.1080/17450399509381824

Cited by 43 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Leterme et al 1994a). However, 15 N supplied by dietary amino acids can quickly be absorbed and incorporated into body protein thus complicating the differentiation of non-digested nitrogen and ENL (Leterme et al 1994a;Roos et al 1994;Tamminga et al 1995).…”

Section: Ii42 Isotope Dilution Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review

Nyachoti¹,

Lange²,

McBride³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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225

163

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Nyachoti, C. M., de Lange, C. F. M., McBride, B. W. and Schulze, H. 1997. Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 149-163. During the past two decades endogenous gut N losses (ENL) at the distal ileum in the growing pig have received considerable attention in swine nutrition research. Estimates of ENL are important for determining true ileal N and amino acid digestibilities and for identifying means to improve the efficiency of N and energy utilization in growing pigs. Endogenous secretions originate from various sources including saliva, pancreatic secretions, bile, sloughed off epithelial cells, serum albumin and mucin. It has been estimated that 70 to 80% of endogenous N secretions are digested and re-absorbed. Therefore, ENL represents only a fraction of total endogenous N secreted into the gut. Increased ENL are likely associated with elevated rates of gut protein synthesis. This is bound to increase maintenance energy and amino acid requirements of pigs. Traditionally, ENL were determined by feeding protein-free diets or by the regression method. Various alternative techniques ( 15 N-isotope dilution technique, homoarginine technique, enzymatically hydrolysed casein method) are now available to estimate the ENL in pigs fed protein-containing diets. Each of these techniques has some limitations and all require different assumptions. Results obtained with these alternative techniques indicate that the net ENL losses are much higher and more variable than previously estimated, and that they are affected both by animal and dietary factors. Recent estimates of ENL losses vary between 1.8 and 8.3 g kg -1 dry matter intake. The main factors (feed intake, body weight, content of anti-nutritional factors, fibres and [digestible] protein) that affect ENL and approaches (plant breeding and selection, ingredient processing and use of exogenous enzymes) to reduce ENL are discussed in this review. In addition, the metabolic costs associated with ENL are estimated.

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Section: Ii42 Isotope Dilution Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review

Nyachoti¹,

Lange²,

McBride³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

Self Cite

225

163

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show abstract

“…The determination of the net protein requirements for maintenance is crucial, corresponding to unavoidable losses of nitrogen via urine, feces, and skin multiplied by a factor of 6.25. These protein losses occur in digestion processes due to an inefficient retention of absorbed amino acids and the use of absorbed amino acids as a source of energy rather than protein synthesis (Tamminga et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fiber characteristics are very important in this context; for example, tropical feedstuffs, because of a greater content of ADF, can increase undigested N (NIDA) in feces (Bohnert et al, 2011). In addition, Tamminga et al (1995) suggested that the presence of more fibrous feed in the diet may increase the endogenous N in feces due to saliva, digestive enzymes, and increased bile secretion, and the sloughing of intestinal mucosal cells and mucins in response to the diet. In the present study, no relationship between the N excreted in urine and N intake was found, which disagrees with previous reports by Luo et al (2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

et al. 2015

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-The objective of this study was to determine the protein requirements for the growth of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats weighing 30 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) and to compare estimates of the protein requirements for maintenance (NP m ) by the comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance techniques. To determine the maintenance requirements, 55 goats were assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (three sexes and three dry matter intake (DMI) levels). A linear regression of retained N (as measured by the slaughter technique and estimated from the nitrogen balance) on N intake on a daily basis was used to calculate the net protein for maintenance. The net protein requirement for weight gain (NP g ) was obtained using 65 goats fed ad libitum in a completely randomized design. The first derivative of the allometric equation of protein content in the empty BW with respect to the empty BW yielded estimates of the NP g . According to the comparative slaughter technique, the estimated NP m was 1.46 g/kg of metabolic weight, which is 50% lower than the estimate from the nitrogen balance technique. When evaluating the variance of the error, the nitrogen balance also showed greater values, indicating less precision compared with that of the comparative slaughter technique. The daily NP g ranged from 155.7±10.9 to 153.4±13.5 g/kg of EBW gain for growing Saanen goats. The protein requirements (NP m and NP g ) of intact male, female, and castrated male Saanen goats are similar, from 30 to 45 kg BW, in accordance with current feeding systems. Moreover, the results of the present study indicate that the estimate of NP m using the comparative slaughter technique is more precise and lower than that using the N balance technique.

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“…The nutritional significance of EPN changes with the rate and site of secretions and the amount of exogenous protein supply, but quantitative measurements have always presented difficulties (Tamminga et al, 1995). Kennedy and Milligan (1980) have estimated EPN inputs into the forestomach and abomasum of sheep at 8.1 to 10.8 g/d, or 400 to 540 mg/kg of metabolic weight (W°7 5 ).…”

Section: Background Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent review, Tamminga et al (1995) discussed the consequences for protein deposition and N losses to the environment. In some cases, endogenous protein N absorbed from the small intestine may be up to four times the amount of digesta N flowing from the abomasum .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model for estimating endogenous protein flows in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants

Assis¹,

France²,

Dijkstra³

et al. 1997

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

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A simulation model was built to represent the kinetics of endogenous-protein nitrogen (EPN) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants. The GIT is split into three compartments, namely: stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The model contains three pools corresponding to these compartments and utilizes two types of source (secretions and inflow) and exit (absorption and passage) for EPN. Parameter values are set based on relevant data from the literature. According to model predictions, proportion of EPN in the total N flow increases as CP content of the diet and nitrogen intake decrease. On extremely low protein diets, EPN may represent 43, 66 and 92% of the total N in the abomasal, ileal and faecal contents, respectively. The model can contribute to improve knowledge on nitrogen recycling as well as to account for endogenous protein losses in the calculation of maintenance requirements.

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The nutritional significance of endogenous n‐losses along the gastrointestinal tract of farm animals

Cited by 43 publications

References 20 publications

Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review

Significance of endogenous gut nitrogen losses in the nutrition of growing pigs: A review

Protein requirements for growth in male and female Saanen goats

A model for estimating endogenous protein flows in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants

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