The number of chews and meal duration affect diet‐induced thermogenesis and splanchnic circulation

Hamada, Y.; Kashima, Hideaki; Hayashi, Naoyuki

doi:10.1002/oby.20715

Cited by 48 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Longitudinal studies found that fast eating induced weight gain, with the odds ratio of being overweight during a 3-y follow-up being 4.4 times higher in fast eaters than in not-fast eaters (5), and the weight gain during an 8-y follow-up being 1.9 kg in a fast eating group compared to 0.7 kg in moderate and slow eating groups (15). In addition, our recent experimental studies showed that the postprandial energy expenditure was greater for slow eating than fast eating when consuming the same test meal, suggesting that fast eating is related to overweight even in the absence of overeating (25,26). These observations together indicate that fast eating can lead to weight gain via multiple mechanisms.…”

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confidence: 93%

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Hamada

Miyaji

Hayashi

et al. 2017

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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Summary Eating speed reportedly relates to body composition and shape. Little is known about the relationship between the objectively assessed eating speed and the body composition and shape. This study examined relationships between eating speed as assessed both objectively and subjectively, and body composition and shape. The following variables of body composition and shape were measured in 84 female college students: body mass, relative body fat mass (%Fat), body mass index (BMI), and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. After measuring the body composition and shape, subjects consumed a 174-kcal salmon rice ball. The following chewing variables were measured by observing videotape recordings of the subjects' faces: number of chews per bite, total number of chews, total meal duration, number of bites, and chewing rate. The subjects were categorized into three groups (fast, moderate and slow) according to their own subjective assessments of the actual eating speed. In objective assessments of the eating speed, the total number of chews and the total meal duration were significantly negatively correlated with the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. In subjective eating-speed assessments, the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip were greater in the fast eating group than in the slow eating group. Both the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds are related to the body composition and shape. The present study supports that fast eating may relate to gains in body mass and/or fat mass. Key Words body composition, eating speed, mastication, meal duration Overweight and obesity have become one of the public health issues disseminating worldwide: the global obesity pandemic (1). The presence of overweight and obesity increases the incidence rates of many health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and some cancers (2). Strategies for effectively preventing the spread of overweight and obesity are therefore urgently needed.Slow eating, which involves chewing food slowly and thoroughly, is an effective strategy for preventing overweight and obesity, with many previous studies having found eating speed to be related to the body composition and shape (3-18). However, these studies were limited by their use of questionnaires to assess the eating speed. While questionnaires make it easy to survey eating speeds in large samples, it is unclear whether such subjective assessments of eating speed actually reflect actual eating speeds. Objective assessments of the eating speed are therefore necessary for reliably investigating the relationships between the eating speed and the body composition and shape.To the best of our knowledge, only one study has objectively assessed the eating speed (19); those authors found that the total numbers of chews and the total meal duration were significantly correlated with the body mass index (BMI). Both males and females were included in that study, whereas H...

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confidence: 93%

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Hamada

Miyaji

Hayashi

et al. 2017

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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“…Among the above studies, only the study by Kohyama et al (2003) considered the potential effect of body mass index (BMI) and reported that BMI was not significantly different between young and older adults in their study; other studies (Cecilio et al, 2010;Galo et al, 2006Galo et al, , 2007Kohyama et al, 2002;Kohyama & Mioche, 2004;Mioche et al, 2004b;Mishellany-Dutour et al, 2008) had not adjusted for BMI in their analysis. While accumulating data supporting the relationship between chewing behavior and energy hemostasis or body weight status have been published recently (Cassady et al, 2009;Fukuda et al, 2013;Hamada et al, 2014;Li et al, 2011;Smit et al, 2011;Zhu & Hollis, 2014aZhu et al, 2013Zhu et al, , 2014, it raises the possibility that differences in chewing behavior between young and older adults reported in previous studies (Cecilio et al, 2010;Galo et al, 2006Galo et al, , 2007Kohyama & Mioche, 2004;Kohyama et al, 2002;Mioche et al, 2004b;Mishellany-Dutour et al, 2008) may be confounded by body weight status. Therefore, studies that compare chewing behaviors between young and older adults that adjust for these confounding factors are needed; such studies are not only important for a better understanding of aging-related mastication problems, but also may provide additional information to explain for the reduced appetite in older adults, as previous studies reported that increased number of chewing cycles before swallowing results in reduced appetite (Zhu et al, 2013(Zhu et al, , 2014 and reduced food intake (Li et al, 2011;Smit et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in chewing behaviors between healthy fully dentate young and older adults assessed by electromyographic recordings

Zhu

Hollis

2015

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

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To characterize changes in chewing behaviors associated with healthy aging, 10 young and 10 older fully dentate healthy participants were enrolled in this study. They chewed carrot samples that differed in hardness until their normal swallowing threshold. Their chewing behaviors were assessed using an electromyographic recording device. Adjusting for gender and body mass index, older adults had a higher number of chewing cycles (p = 0.020), a longer chewing duration (p < 0.001), a slower chewing rate (p = 0.002), a greater maximal electromyographic voltage (p = 0.003) and a greater muscle activity (p = 0.002) before they could comfortably swallow the food bolus. A statistically significant main effect of food hardness on the number of chewing cycles, chewing duration, chewing rate and muscle activity was also observed (p < 0.001 for all). These results suggest that reduced mastication efficiency is associated with healthy aging in fully dentate adults. This ingestive behavior may contribute to aging-related reduction in appetite in older adults.

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“…Table 2 summarizes the interventions and outcomes of the studies. Nine studies were conducted in the USA [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27], five in Japan [14,28,29,30], four in the UK [17,31,32,33], two in Australia [18,34], two in France [35,36], two in Denmark [15,37], one in Germany [38], one in Spain [39], and one in the Netherlands [16]. The majority of the studies were not blinded, three were double blinded [14,37], and two studies were single blinded [18,24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of the studies had a sample size <20; only four studies had ≥20 participants [24,33,35,39]. Fifteen studies had only males [14,18,19,21,22,23,25,28,30,33,34,35,36,37,39], eight studies had only females [14,20,24,27,29,31,32,38], and four studies had a mix of males and females [15,16,17,26]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Energy Content and Composition of Meals Consumed after an Overnight Fast and Their Effects on Diet Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions

et al. 2016

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This systematic review investigated the effects of differing energy intakes, macronutrient compositions, and eating patterns of meals consumed after an overnight fast on Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT). The initial search identified 2482 records; 26 papers remained once duplicates were removed and inclusion criteria were applied. Studies (n = 27) in the analyses were randomized crossover designs comparing the effects of two or more eating events on DIT. Higher energy intake increased DIT; in a mixed model meta-regression, for every 100 kJ increase in energy intake, DIT increased by 1.1 kJ/h (p < 0.001). Meals with a high protein or carbohydrate content had a higher DIT than high fat, although this effect was not always significant. Meals with medium chain triglycerides had a significantly higher DIT than long chain triglycerides (meta-analysis, p = 0.002). Consuming the same meal as a single bolus eating event compared to multiple small meals or snacks was associated with a significantly higher DIT (meta-analysis, p = 0.02). Unclear or inconsistent findings were found by comparing the consumption of meals quickly or slowly, and palatability was not significantly associated with DIT. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the increase in DIT is influenced by the energy intake, macronutrient composition, and eating pattern of the meal.

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The number of chews and meal duration affect diet‐induced thermogenesis and splanchnic circulation

Cited by 48 publications

References 24 publications

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Differences in chewing behaviors between healthy fully dentate young and older adults assessed by electromyographic recordings

The Energy Content and Composition of Meals Consumed after an Overnight Fast and Their Effects on Diet Induced Thermogenesis: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses and Meta-Regressions

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