The Nukiyama curve in water spray cooling: Its derivation from temperature–time histories and its dependence on the quantities that characterize drop impact

Experimental investigation of spray cooling performance with enhanced heating surface structures

“…(10)- (12), CD is the drag coefficient, u is the droplet velocity, d32 is the droplet Sauter diameter, ρ and ρl are the medium density and water density, respectively. CD depends on the Reynolds's number, and a simple correlation in a broad range of values of Re (Ciofalo et al (2007)) is:…”

Effects of oxide layer on Leidenfrost temperature during spray cooling of steel at high temperatures

“…(8) with available measured data is in agreement, although the heat accumulated in the oxide layer was neglected during the derivation of Eq. (8). The influence of the oxide layer on the effective Leidenfrost temperature was further investigated experimentally and numerically.…”

“…Based on the boiling curve, at the onset of the film boiling, the heat flux is minimal (between the transition boiling and film boiling regimes) and the corresponding temperature is known as the Leidenfrost temperature or point. Although the definition of Leidenfrost point was originally based on the heat flux data measured from pool boiling experiments [3][4][5], the minimum heat flux is also used for the determination of the Leidenfrost point for spray cooling [6][7][8]. It has been shown that the overall shape of the boiling curve has been similar for bath quenching (immersion cooling) and spray cooling, while the cooling rate in each regime is much greater with spray cooling than with bath quenching [9,10].…”

Heat transfer characteristics of water spray impinging on high temperature stainless steel plate with finite thickness

“…where G is the local water flux density (kg m À2 s À1 ), d 32 is the Sauter diameter (m) as shown in Eq. (22c) [26], [27], r is the surface tension of water (N m À1 ), q CHF is the critical heat flux (W m À2 ), q f is the water liquid density (kg m À3 ), q g is the water vapor density (kg m À3 ), h fg is the latent heat of vaporization (J kg À1 ), DP is the pressure drop between the nozzle and the spray ambient (Pa), d n is the nozzle diameter (m), and h is the nozzle spray angle (rad). The solid line given in Fig.…”