The nucleoprotein as a possible major factor in determining host specificity of influenza H3N2 viruses

Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus

“…26 The most favoured hypothesis for the emergence of the pandemic viruses of 1957 and 1968 is that pigs acted as a "mixing vessel" for reassortment between avian and human influenza viruses. 27,28 Studies that identified influenza H3N2 human-avian reassortant viruses in pigs 29 and people 30 in Europe gave support to this hypothesis. In the case of influenza A viruses, only those carrying H1, H2, or H3 haemagglutinins and N1 or N2 neuraminidases have so far been shown to cause disease in man.…”

Differential Phosphorylation of the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Viruses

“…Kistner, unpublished results), because the NPs and M proteins cooperate during the infectious cycle, and the phosphate group(s) on the M protein might compensate for the missing phosphate at phosphopeptide 3 of the WSN NP. With the possible exception of the exact position of phosphopeptide 2 (Scholtissek et al, 1987), no correlations can be recognized between the phosphopeptide fingerprints and species derivation or subtypes. When the labelled phosphopeptides from th NP of FPV were scraped off the plates, hydrolysed and analysed by 2D electrophoresis on thin-layer plates, phosphoserine was the only radioactive phosphoamino acid detected (Fig.…”

Molecular Evidence for a Role of Domestic Ducks in the Introduction of Avian H3 Influenza Viruses to Pigs in Southern China, Where the A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) Strain Emerged

“…Antigenic and genetic data on porcine H3N2 influenza A viruses from the region suggest that the domestic pig may be involved directly or indirectly in this ecosystem as a 'mixing vessel', enabling the exchange of gene segments between viruses which infect birds and those which infect man (Scholtissek et al, 1984(Scholtissek et al, , 1985.…”