“…Cycloaddition reactions were carried out at 100 °C and 1. Phosphonium halides are more thermally stable [61][62][63][64][65][66] when compared with the ammonium halides. Moreover, they could be separated easily from the products since they have little potential interaction with the products [67].…”
This review presents the synergistic effect in the catalytic system of ionic liquids (ILs) for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxide. The emphasis of this review is on three aspects: the catalytic system of metal-based ionic liquids, the catalytic system of hydrogen bond-promoted ionic liquids and supported ionic liquids. Metal and ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The cations and anions of ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. The functional groups in cations or supports combined with the anions have a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. Synergistic catalytic effects of ILs play an important role of promoting the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The design of catalytic system of ionic liquids will be possible if the synergistic effect on a molecular level is understood.
“…Cycloaddition reactions were carried out at 100 °C and 1. Phosphonium halides are more thermally stable [61][62][63][64][65][66] when compared with the ammonium halides. Moreover, they could be separated easily from the products since they have little potential interaction with the products [67].…”
This review presents the synergistic effect in the catalytic system of ionic liquids (ILs) for the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxide. The emphasis of this review is on three aspects: the catalytic system of metal-based ionic liquids, the catalytic system of hydrogen bond-promoted ionic liquids and supported ionic liquids. Metal and ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The cations and anions of ionic liquids show a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. The functional groups in cations or supports combined with the anions have a synergistic effect on the cycloaddition reactions. Synergistic catalytic effects of ILs play an important role of promoting the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides. The design of catalytic system of ionic liquids will be possible if the synergistic effect on a molecular level is understood.
“…An initial inspection of the results indicates similarity in reactivity between phenylphosphine [2] and triphenylphosphine. The main differences appear to be (i) a greater likelihood of electrophilic attack at the phosphorus atom in the triphenylphosphine; (this is clearly in accord with the greater basicity and nucleophilicity of triphenylphosphine [7]); and (ii) a greater likelihood of ring substitution in phenylphosphine than in triphenylphosphine.…”
A modified Mataga SCF approach is applied to triphenylphosphine. The phenyl rings are simultaneously depressed and then rotated in 5 ~ increments. The results obtained are compared with experimental measurements on triphenylphosphine. An approximate pi inversion barrier of 1-36 kcal/mole is obtained.
“…However, the nucleophilic addition reactions are relatively fast when compared to those of the corresponding trialkylamines [15]. Another important point is a selection of halides.…”
Section: Preparation Of Phosphonium Ionic Liquidsmentioning
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