The nuclear torus in the active galaxy NGC 1068

Young, S.; Packham, C.; Hough, J.; Efstathiou, A.

doi:10.1093/mnras/283.1.l1

Cited by 28 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…4). Such a disk is in agreement with the observed orientation of the near-IR/mid-IR polarization vectors (Young et al 1996;Lumsden et al 1999) and the extinction band across the nuclear region (Catchpole & Boksenberg 1997). The threedimensional geometry of the warp also naturally provides a cavity for the ionization cone that is consistent with the observed orientation (see Fig.…”

Section: Ngc 1068supporting

confidence: 84%

The Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Region of Seyfert Galaxies

Schinnerer

Eckart

Tacconi

1999

The Astrophysical Journal

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Subarcsecond IRAM Plateau de Bure millimeter interferometric observations of the 12 CO (2-1) line emission in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 3227 and in the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 have revealed complex kinematic systems in the inner 100-300 pc that are not consistent with pure circular motion in the host galaxies. Modeling of these kinematic systems with elliptical orbits in the plane of the host galaxy (representing gas motion in a bar potential) is a possible solution but does not reproduce all the features observed. A better description of the complex kinematics is achieved by circular orbits that are tilted out of the plane of the host galaxy. This could indicate that the thin circumnuclear gas disk is warped. In the case of NGC 1068, the warp model suggests that at a radius of ∼70 pc, the gas disk is oriented edge-on, providing material for the obscuration of the active galactic nucleus. The position-velocity diagrams show rising rotation curves at pc and an indication for r ≤ 13 large enclosed masses of ≥ M , for NGC 3227 and ≥10 8 M , for NGC 1068 within the central 25 pc.

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Section: Ngc 1068supporting

confidence: 84%

The Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Region of Seyfert Galaxies

Schinnerer

Eckart

Tacconi

1999

The Astrophysical Journal

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“…The western polarized feature is considerably larger than the compact (less than or equal to a few parsecs) torus suggested by several authors (e.g., Jaffe et al 2004;Mason et al 2006;Packham et al 2005;Radomski et al 2006) on the basis of mid-IR imaging and modeling, but much smaller than the suggested torus detected by Young et al (1996). However, the Young et al (1996) feature is detected in polarized flux, a technique that increases contrast by removing the dominant, unpolarized, emission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…However, the Young et al (1996) feature is detected in polarized flux, a technique that increases contrast by removing the dominant, unpolarized, emission. Distinct from total flux, polarimetric observations are therefore potentially much more sensitive to emission from the putative faint, outer regions of the torus where the interaction with the inner regions of the host galaxy must occur.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The observed extent of the torus, or nuclear obscuring material in NGC 1068, is partly dependent on the wavelength and/or observational technique. Young et al (1996) used imaging polarimetry to observe the silhouette of obscuring material against the southern ionization cone, which they attributed to the torus, with a derived diameter of ∼200 pc in the H band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gemini Mid-IR Polarimetry of NGC 1068: Polarized Structures around the Nucleus

Packham¹,

Young²,

Fisher³

et al. 2007

ApJ

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We present diffraction-limited, 10 mm imaging polarimetry data for the central regions of the archetypal Seyfert active galactic nucleus NGC 1068. The position angle of polarization is consistent with three dominant polarizing mechanisms. We identify three distinct regions of polarization: (1) north of the nucleus, arising from aligned dust in the narrow emission line region, (2) south, east, and west of the nucleus, consistent with dust being channeled toward the central engine, and (3) a central minimum of polarization consistent with a compact (≤22 pc) torus. These observations provide continuity between the geometrically and optically thick torus and the host galaxy's nuclear environments. These images represent the first published mid-IR polarimetry from an 8 m-class telescope and illustrate the potential of such observations.

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“…The galaxy flux at LЈ corresponds to 24% of the total LЈ flux in 5Љ. The hightemperature T d and the unresolved F222M emission indicate that we are observing hot dust in the molecular torus surrounding the central source, as in other nearby AGNs (e.g., NGC 1068-see Young et al 1996b).…”

Section: (H /50)mentioning

confidence: 70%

Unveiling the Hidden Nucleus of IC 5063 with NICMOS

Kulkarni

Calzetti

Bergeron

et al. 1998

The Astrophysical Journal

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We present high-resolution near-infrared images of the Seyfert 2 galaxy IC 5063 obtained using the NearInfrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrometer (NICMOS) in broadband filters at 1.1, 1.6, and 2.2 mm (FWHM ≈ 0Љ .21 at 2.2 mm). The images show a very red, unresolved point source at the center of the galaxy, confirming the existence of the obscured active nucleus inferred from previous ground-based studies. The 2.2 mm flux, supplemented with ground-based LЈ-band observations, suggests thermal emission equivalent to a blackbody at a temperature of 720 K. We ascribe the emission not to direct light from the nucleus, but to hot dust in the inner part of the torus. The 1.6 mm emission is only minimally affected by the hot dust emission. The luminosity of the central source producing most of the 1.6 mm emission, not corrected for extinction, is ergs s , integrated over the F160W filter only.41 Ϫ1 # 10We also present lower spatial resolution images of IC 5063 obtained with NICMOS in the emission lines of [Fe ii] l1.644 mm, Paa l1.8756 mm, and H 2 l2.1218 mm. These images reveal a linear emission morphology comprised of two bright knots, separated by 1Љ .8 on either side of a central knot that is at the location of the continuum nucleus. A comparison with high-resolution radio continuum maps shows that there is a one-to-one spatial correspondence between the radio lobes and the emission-line knots, directly implying that the [Fe ii] and H 2 emission is created by fast shocks produced by the advancing radio jets. The asymmetry in the [Fe ii]/H 2 ratio may suggest a difference in either the shock velocities or the molecular mass on the two sides of the nucleus.

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The nuclear torus in the active galaxy NGC 1068

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

The Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Region of Seyfert Galaxies

The Molecular Gas in the Circumnuclear Region of Seyfert Galaxies

Gemini Mid-IR Polarimetry of NGC 1068: Polarized Structures around the Nucleus

Unveiling the Hidden Nucleus of IC 5063 with NICMOS

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