The nuclear arsenals and nuclear disarmament∗

Barnaby, Frank

doi:10.1080/13623699808409411

Medicine, Conflict and Survival

1998

DOI: 10.1080/13623699808409411

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The nuclear arsenals and nuclear disarmament∗

Frank Barnaby¹

Abstract: Current world stockpiles of nuclear weapons and the status of treaties for nuclear disarmament and the ultimate elimination of nuclear weapons are summarised. The need for including stockpiles of civil plutonium in a programme for ending production and disposing of fissile materials is emphasized, and the ultimate difficulty of disposing of the last few nuclear weapons discussed.

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…The world was reminded of this threat when OP nerve agents were used in the 1980s against Iranian military soldiers by Iraq (Majnoon Island) and against civilians in the Kurdish village of Birjinni. The attacks produced casualties estimated by United Nations specialists to be as high as “tens of thousands” (Barnaby, 1988; Macilwain, 1993). More recently, two terrorist attacks in Matsumoto and Tokyo, Japan in 1994 and 1995, respectively, with the nerve agent sarin resulted in the deaths of 19 people and the injury and/or hospitalization of more than 6000 individuals (reviewed, Yanagisawa et al, 2006).…”

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Repeated, intermittent exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate in rats: protracted effects on cholinergic markers, nerve growth factor-related proteins, and cognitive function

et al. 2011

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Organophosphates (OPs) pose a constant threat to human health due to their widespread use as pesticides and their potential employment in military and terrorist attacks. The acute toxicity of OPs has been extensively studied; however, the consequences of prolonged or repeated exposure to levels of OPs that produce no overt signs of acute toxicity (i.e., subthreshold levels) are poorly understood. Further, there is clinical evidence that such repeated exposures to OPs lead to prolonged deficits in cognition, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. In this study, the behavioral and neurochemical effects of repeated, intermittent, and subthreshold exposures to the alkyl OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) were investigated. Rats were injected with DFP subcutaneously (dose range, 0.25-1.0 mg/kg) every other day over the course of 30 days, and then given a two week, DFP-free washout period. In behavioral experiments conducted at various times during the washout period, dose dependent decrements in a water maze hidden platform task and a spontaneous novel object recognition (NOR) procedure were observed, while prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response was unaffected. There were modest decreases in open field locomotor activity and grip strength (particularly during the DFP exposure period); however, rotarod performance and water maze swim speeds were not affected. After washout, DFP concentrations were minimal in plasma and brain, however, cholinesterase inhibition was still © 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Corresponding Author: Alvin V. Terry Jr., Ph.D., Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, CB-3618, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912-2450, Phone 706-721-9462, Fax 706-721-2347.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeuroscience. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 March 10.Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2011 March 10; 176: 237-253. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.031. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript detectable in the brain. Moreover, the 1.0 mg/kg dose of DFP was associated with (brain regiondependent) alterations in nerve growth factor-related proteins and cholinergic markers. The results of this prospective animal study thus provide evidence to support two novel hypotheses: 1) that intermittent, subthreshold exposures to alkyl OPs can lead to protracted deficits in specific domains of cognition and 2) that such cognitive deficits may be related to persistent func...

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Repeated, intermittent exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate in rats: protracted effects on cholinergic markers, nerve growth factor-related proteins, and cognitive function

et al. 2011

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Functional consequences of repeated organophosphate exposure: Potential non-cholinergic mechanisms

Terry

2012

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

211

164

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The class of chemicals known as the “organophosphates” (OPs) comprises many of the most common agricultural and commercial pesticides that are used worldwide as well as the highly toxic chemical warfare agents. The mechanism of the acute toxicity of OPs in both target and non-target organisms is primarily attributed to inhibitory actions on various forms of cholinesterase leading to excessive peripheral and central cholinergic activity. However, there is now substantial evidence that this canonical (cholinesterase-based) mechanism cannot alone account for the wide-variety of adverse consequences of OP exposure that have been described, especially those associated with repeated exposures to levels that produce no overt signs of acute toxicity. This type of exposure has been associated with prolonged impairments in attention, memory, and other domains of cognition, as well as chronic illnesses where these symptoms are manifested (e.g., Gulf War Illness, Alzheimer’s disease). Due to their highly reactive nature, it is not surprising that OPs might alter the function of a number of enzymes and proteins (in addition to cholinesterase). However, the wide variety of long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms that have been associated with OPs suggests that some basic or fundamental neuronal process was adversely affected during the exposure period. The purpose of this review is to discuss several non-cholinesterase targets of OPs that might affect such fundamental processes and includes cytoskeletal and motor proteins involved in axonal transport, neurotrophins and their receptors, and mitochondria (especially their morphology and movement in axons). Potential therapeutic implications of these OP interactions are also discussed.

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The nuclear arsenals and nuclear disarmament∗

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

Repeated, intermittent exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate in rats: protracted effects on cholinergic markers, nerve growth factor-related proteins, and cognitive function

Repeated, intermittent exposures to diisopropylfluorophosphate in rats: protracted effects on cholinergic markers, nerve growth factor-related proteins, and cognitive function

Functional consequences of repeated organophosphate exposure: Potential non-cholinergic mechanisms

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