The nuclear architecture of NGC 4151: on the path toward a universal outflow mechanism in light of NGC 1068

May, D.; Steiner, J. E.; Menezes, R. B.; Williams, D.; Wang, J.

doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1545

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 142 publications

(212 reference statements)

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“…A number of secondary driving mechanisms have been proposed that rely on the impact of gas accelerated by one or more primary mechanisms. These secondary processes include momentum or shock driving from accretion-disk winds/UFOs (Pounds & Vaughan 2011;Pounds & King 2013;Tombesi et al 2013;Mou et al 2017;Veilleux et al 2017), expansion of radio plasma or hot cocoons around jets (Greene et al 2014;Mukherjee et al 2016;May & Steiner 2017;May et al 2020;Venturi et al 2021), mechanical driving by AGN winds (Fischer et al 2019) or jets (May et al 2018), and entrainment by X-ray winds (Trindade Falcão et al 2021). It is likely that more than one process may play a role in accelerating the gas in different environments or spatial scales.…”

Section: Agn-driven Outflowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Narrow-line Region Dynamics in Nearby Active Galaxies

Meena

Crenshaw

Schmitt

et al. 2023

ApJ

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We present dynamical models of the narrow-line region (NLR) outflows in the nearby Seyfert galaxies Mrk 3, Mrk 78, NGC 1068, and NGC 4151 using observations from the Hubble Space Telescope and Apache Point Observatory. We employ long-slit spectroscopy to map the spatially resolved outflow and rotational velocities of the ionized gas. We also perform surface brightness decompositions of host galaxy images to constrain the enclosed stellar mass distributions as functions of distance from the supermassive black holes (SMBHs). Assuming that the NLR gas is accelerated by active galactic nuclei (AGN) radiation pressure, and subsequently decelerated by the host galaxy and SMBH gravitational potentials, we derive outflow velocity profiles where the gas is launched in situ at multiple distances from the SMBH. We find a strong correlation between the turnover (from acceleration to deceleration) radii from our models, with the turnovers seen in the observed velocities and spatially resolved mass outflow rates for the AGN with bolometric luminosities > 1044 erg s−1. This consistency indicates that radiation pressure is the dominant driving mechanism behind the NLR outflows in these moderate-luminosity AGNs, with a force multiplier ∼500 yielding the best agreement between the modeled and observed turnover radii. However, in Meena et al. we found that this trend may not hold at lower luminosities, where our modeled turnover distance for NGC 4051 is much smaller than in the observed kinematics. This result may indicate that either additional force(s) are responsible for accelerating the NLR outflows in low-luminosity AGNs, or higher spatial resolution observations are required to quantify their turnover radii.

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Section: Agn-driven Outflowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Narrow-line Region Dynamics in Nearby Active Galaxies

Meena

Crenshaw

Schmitt

et al. 2023

ApJ

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“…However, in few cases, hot molecular outflows are also observed (e.g. Davies et al 2014;Fischer et al 2017;Gnilka et al 2020;May & Steiner 2017;May et al 2020;Riffel et al 2020). These results, combined with the fact that the ionised gas is usually associated with higher temperatures when compared to the molecular gas, has led Storchi-Bergmann et al (2009) to suggest that the molecu-lar gas is a better tracer of AGN feeding, whereas the ionised gas is a better tracer of AGN feedback.…”

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confidence: 99%

The AGNIFS survey: distribution and excitation of the hot molecular and ionized gas in the inner kpc of nearby AGN hosts

Riffel

Storchi‐Bergmann

Riffel

et al. 2021

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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We use the Gemini NIFS instrument to map the H2 2.1218 μm and Brγ flux distributions in the inner 0.04–2 kpc of a sample of 36 nearby active galaxies (0.001 ≲ z ≲ 0.056) at spatial resolutions from 4 to 250 pc. We find extended emission in 34 galaxies. In ∼55 per cent of them, the emission in both lines is most extended along the galaxy major axis, while in the other 45 per cent the extent follows a distinct orientation. The emission of H2 is less concentrated than that of Brγ, presenting a radius that contains half of the flux 60 per cent greater, on average. The H2 emission is driven by thermal processes – X-ray heating and shocks – at most locations for all galaxies, where $0.4<\rm H_2/Br\gamma <6$. For regions where H2/Brγ > 6 (seen in 40 per cent of the galaxies), shocks are the main H2 excitation mechanism, while in regions with H2/Brγ < 0.4 (25 per cent of the sample) the H2 emission is produced by fluorescence. The only difference we found between type 1 and type 2 AGN was in the nuclear emission-line equivalent widths, that are smaller in type 1 than in type 2 due to a larger contribution to the continuum from the hot dusty torus in the former. The gas masses in the inner 125 pc radius are in the range 101 − 104 M⊙ for the hot H2 and 103 − 106 M⊙ for the ionised gas and would be enough to power the AGN in our sample for 105 − 108 yr at their current accretion rates.

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“…AGN illumination are not aligned. This can occur if the accretion disk (to which the jet is perpendicular) and the obscuring torus (which determines the AGN illumination cone;May et al 2020;Goosmann & Matt 2011;Fischer et al 2013) are not aligned.…”

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confidence: 99%

The MURALES survey

Speranza

Balmaverde

Capetti

et al. 2021

A&A

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We analyze VLT/MUSE observations of 37 radio galaxies from the Third Cambridge catalogue (3C) with redshift < 0.3 searching for nuclear outflows of ionized gas. These observations are part of the MURALES project (a MUse RAdio Loud Emission line Snapshot survey), whose main goal is to explore the feedback process in the most powerful radio-loud AGN. We applied a nonparametric analysis to the [O III] λ5007 emission line, whose asymmetries and high-velocity wings reveal signatures of outflows. We find evidence of nuclear outflows in 21 sources, with velocities between ∼400 and 1000 km s−1, outflowing masses of ∼105 − 107 M⊙, and a kinetic energy in the range ∼1053 − 1056 erg. In addition, evidence for extended outflows is found in the 2D gas velocity maps of 13 sources of the subclasses of high-excitation (HEG) and broad-line (BLO) radio galaxies, with sizes between 0.4 and 20 kpc. We estimate a mass outflow rate in the range 0.4–30 M⊙ yr−1 and an energy deposition rate of Ėkin ∼ 1042 − 1045 erg s−1. Comparing the jet power, the nuclear luminosity of the active galactic nucleus, and the outflow kinetic energy rate, we find that outflows of HEGs and BLOs are likely radiatively powered, while jets likely only play a dominant role in galaxies with low excitation. The low loading factors we measured suggest that these outflows are driven by momentum and not by energy. Based on the gas masses, velocities, and energetics involved, we conclude that the observed ionized outflows have a limited effect on the gas content or the star formation in the host. In order to obtain a complete view of the feedback process, observations exploring the complex multiphase structure of outflows are required.

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The nuclear architecture of NGC 4151: on the path toward a universal outflow mechanism in light of NGC 1068

Cited by 18 publications

References 142 publications

Investigating the Narrow-line Region Dynamics in Nearby Active Galaxies

Investigating the Narrow-line Region Dynamics in Nearby Active Galaxies

The AGNIFS survey: distribution and excitation of the hot molecular and ionized gas in the inner kpc of nearby AGN hosts

The MURALES survey

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