The notion of the ideal breast and its variability: Reviewing the difficulty of perceiving beauty through defined margins

Rubano, Amanda; Siotos, Charalampos; Rosson, Gedge D.; Manahan, Michele A.

doi:10.1111/tbj.13374

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Trends over time as a concept in beauty has been suggested and described by Rubano et al 27 Variances in the perception of beauty are influenced by trends, social and cultural differences including body modification. 27 Cosmetic trends may also include different degrees of emphasis or even exaggeration of the type of primitive mating cues mentioned by Sarwer et al 23 and Dixson et al 24 Balanced, natural aesthetics could be timeless, universal and a crucial factor in the survival of our species, 23 possibly relating back to some version of “evolutionary fitness” and “natural selection criteria” as fundamental as the structure of DNA itself.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the 21-cm Notch-to-nipple Myth: Golden Proportions in Breast Aesthetics

Sandberg

Tønseth

Kloster-Jensen

et al. 2021

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The 21-cm notch-to-nipple distance has been accepted without academic scrutiny as a key measure in breast aesthetics. The Fibonacci sequence and phi ratio occur frequently in nature. They have previously been used to assess aesthetics of the face, but not the breast. This study aims to assess if the static 21-cm measure or the proportional phi ratio is associated with ideal breast aesthetics. Method: Subclavicular-breast height and breast width were used to calculate the aesthetic ratio. Subjects were subsequently aesthetically rated. A one-sample t-test was used to determine if the ratio for each breast differed from phi. Breast scores with one, both, or no breasts were compared with an optimal phi ratio. Analysis of variance was performed. Tukey–Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons was used when pairwise comparisons were conducted. Results: Five subjects (14%) had bilateral optimal phi ratio breasts. Four subjects (11%) had one breast with an optimal phi ratio. Subjects with bilateral optimal phi ratios had significantly higher overall breast scores than those with only one optimal breast (Δ = 0.86, P = 0.025) or no optimal breast (Δ = 0.73, P = 0.008). Distance from optimal Fibonacci nipple position was moderately to strongly correlated with aesthetic score (−0.630, P = 0.016). No correlation was found between 21-cm notch-to-nipple distance and aesthetic score. Conclusion: The bilateral optimal phi ratio is correlated with high overall aesthetic scores, as is the optimal Fibonacci nipple position. No correlation was found between 21-cm notch-to-nipple distance and overall aesthetic score.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the 21-cm Notch-to-nipple Myth: Golden Proportions in Breast Aesthetics

Sandberg

Tønseth

Kloster-Jensen

et al. 2021

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“… 10 A structured review of the literature assessing the perfect breast by Rubano in 2019 agreed that no clear formula to create the “ideal” breast exists and therefore appropriate discussion must happen between surgeons and patients to understand the artistic aesthetic and its linear measurements which constitute patient's ideal breast. 11 In considering ideal breast shape, certainly patient fulfillment should be the important touchstone and not the natural look. 12 Henceforth, these findings should illustrate the basic underlying variations of desired breast shape (size) across demographics, redefining expectations of breast appeal.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bigger Bust No Longer on Trend: Malaysians Prefer Moderation in Ideal Female Breast Augmentation

Hamzan

Sulaiman

Ismail

2021

Indian J Plast Surg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background It is important to correctly determine the ideal female breast anatomy and aesthetic proportions in order to prepare for surgery and establish its goals. Leaving the preference to the operating surgeons alone might leave unsatisfactory results, which especially leads to reoperation, quite often in the aspect of breast dimension. Methods This study was conducted using an online graphic questionnaire. We attempted to seek male and female perspectives toward their preferred ideal female breast size for breast augmentation, in order to provide up-to-date data to assist breast surgeons in attaining satisfactory surgical results. Results Sixty males and 67 females participated in the study comprising Asian major ethnicities of Malay, Chinese, and Indian. Universally, 46.6% of men and 53.5% of women preferred 30 mm diameter for the most ideal nipple-areola complex (NAC) size. For the perfect bust, they generally favored size C and D cup (37.8% and 38.5%, respectively). Conclusion The majority of women seek natural breast beauty and the longing for an oversized look appears to have infiltrated practice but these assumptions have finally been challenged by these findings.

show abstract

“…Shared decision-making with the patient should be the goal in making surgical choices rather than just ideal measures. 9 , 30 Consideration of individual preferences is always important in plastic surgery. 31 Patient’s wishes and breast aesthetics are 2 separate, sometimes overlapping, entities that may be discussed independently, and even compared for academic purposes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Aesthetic Factor Priority List of the Female Breast in Scandinavian Subjects

Sandberg

Tønseth

Kloster-Jensen

et al. 2020

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: There is little consensus about the relative determinative value of each individual factor in female breast aesthetics. When performing breast surgery with an aesthetic goal, certain factors will be more important than others. The purpose of this study was to make an aesthetic factor rank list to determine the relative contributions to overall breast aesthetics. Method: Volunteers were scanned using the 3-dimensional Vectra system. Ten Scandinavian plastic surgeons rated 37 subjects, using a validated scoring system with 49 scoring items. The correlation between specific aesthetic factors and overall breast aesthetic scores of the subjects were calculated using Pearson’s r, Spearman’s ρ, and Kendall’s τ. Results: A very strong correlation was found between overall breast aesthetic score and lower pole shape (0.876, P < 0.0001). This was also true for upper pole shape (0.826, P < 0.0001) and breast height (0.821, P < 0.0001). A strong correlation was found between overall breast aesthetic score and nipple position (0.733, P < 0.0001), breast size (0.644, P < 0.0001), and breast width (0.632, P < 0.0001). Factors that were only moderately correlated with aesthetic score were intermammary distance (0.496, P = 0.002), nipple size and projection (0.588, P < 0.0001), areolar diameter (0.484, P < 0.0001), and areolar shape (0.403, P < 0.0001). Perceived symmetry was a weak factor (0.363, P = 0.027). Conclusions: Aesthetic factors of the female breast can be ranked in a priority list. Shape of the lower pole and upper pole and breast height are primary factors of female breast aesthetics. These should be prioritized in any aesthetic breast surgery. Vertical dimensional factors seem to be more determinative than horizontal factors.

show abstract

The notion of the ideal breast and its variability: Reviewing the difficulty of perceiving beauty through defined margins

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Beyond the 21-cm Notch-to-nipple Myth: Golden Proportions in Breast Aesthetics

Beyond the 21-cm Notch-to-nipple Myth: Golden Proportions in Breast Aesthetics

Bigger Bust No Longer on Trend: Malaysians Prefer Moderation in Ideal Female Breast Augmentation

An Aesthetic Factor Priority List of the Female Breast in Scandinavian Subjects

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About