The ‘not-so-strange’ body in the mirror: A principal components analysis of direct and mirror self-observation

Jenkinson, Paul M.; Preston, Catherine

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.12.007

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Unlike the permanent image of a photograph, the movement reflected in a mirror is like an instantaneous motion picture. It is only in mirrors and reflective surfaces that we have access to our whole (and broken) bodies, a view that research suggests is equivalent to direct observation of ourselves (Jenkinson & Preston, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demystifying the mirror taboo: A neurocognitive model of viewing self in the mirror

Freysteinson

2020

Nursing Inquiry

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Research has consistently demonstrated that viewing one's body in a mirror after an amputation or other perceived or visible body disfigurements can be a traumatic experience. Mirror viewing or mirroring is a taboo subject, which may be the reason this trauma has not been previously detected or acknowledged. Traumatic mirror viewing may lead to mirror discomfort, mirror avoidance, and a host of psychosocial concerns, including post-traumatic stress. As mirroring is complex, four qualitative mirror viewing studies, embodiment concepts, polyvagal theory, and memory theories were used to develop a model. In this article, foundational knowledge that led to the development of the model is shared. A neurocognitive model of mirror viewing is offered together with implications for nursing research, practice, and education.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demystifying the mirror taboo: A neurocognitive model of viewing self in the mirror

Freysteinson

2020

Nursing Inquiry

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“…Behavioural research has highlighted the importance of visual perspective in its role within body ownership (Jenkinson & Preston, 2017;Preston, Kuper-Smith, & Ehrsson, 2015). Direct comparison between first-person (egocentric) and third-person (allocentric) perspectives using multisensory illusion paradigms have yielded clear findings of greatest body ownership (feelings as if the viewed body is your own body) when synchronous sensory input is coded from an egocentric reference frame within peripersonal space (Maselli & Slater, 2013;Petkova, Khoshnevis, & Ehrsson, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%

Distinct neural response to visual perspective and body size in the extrastriate body area

Carey

Knight

Preston

2019

Behavioural Brain Research

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Neuroimaging research has independently implicated the extrastriate body area (EBA) in distinguishing between different visual perspectives and morphologies of bodies within visual processing. However, the combined processing of these physical attributes towards neural EBA response remains unclear, and may be crucial in influencing higher-order, aesthetic evaluation of bodies. Indeed, EBA alterations amongst eating disorder patients have been associated with disturbances in body image, and disruption 8 to EBA activity amongst healthy individuals shown to influence aesthetic evaluations made towards 9 bodies. Therefore, the present study used images of slim and large female bodies viewed from 10 egocentric and allocentric perspectives, to investigate neural EBA response in healthy females (N=30). 11 In addition, participants provided behavioural aesthetic and weight evaluations of all model stimuli. 12 Results revealed an interaction, bilaterally, between visual perspective and body size in EBA activity, 13 with multi-voxel pattern analysis revealing distinct neural patterns between the four conditions. 14 However, EBA activity did not relate to non-clinical eating disorder psychopathology. No direct 15 relationship was found between EBA activity and behavioural evaluations of model stimuli; however, 16 a whole brain analysis revealed that higher-order, prefrontal regions were associated with cognitive 17 evaluations of large bodies. Taken together, our results suggest that the EBA is an integral core region in discriminating between multiple physical attributes of the body, which is likely to provide important information to higher-order brain regions which make aesthetic evaluations towards bodies.

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“…Caputo [7] conducted a control condition that involved a fixation dot on the chest, with no illusory changes perceived in the body surrounding the dot. Jenkinson & Preston [24] also failed to induce illusions using whole-body stimuli (although light levels involved a 40w bulb rather than the recommended 20w). Caputo [8] also reports a preliminary experiment, in which three patients with schizophrenia undertook a dot-gazing session under low light levels, with no apparitions reported.…”

Section: Face Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis

Mash¹,

Dean²,

Jenkinson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Strange face illusions (SFIs) describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer looks at their image reflected in a mirror (Mirror Gaze Task: MGT) or gazes at another’s face (Inter-personal Gazing Dyad Task: IGDT) in a dimly lit room. The illusory effects range from mild alterations in colour, or contrast, to the perception of distorted facial features, or new faces. The current review critically evaluates studies investigating SFIs, their methodological quality, and existing interpretations. Searches conducted using Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and the grey literature up to June 2021 identified 20 studies (N= 874) meeting the inclusion criteria (i.e., providing new empirical evidence relating to SFIs) . Results are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/ek48d).Pooling data across studies, we report that SFIs are experienced by 67% (95% CI: 55-77) of nonclinical participants. Study quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) and indicated that most studies (85%) were poor-to-fair quality. Study quality was inversely related to prevalence rates, accounting for almost half of the variance in reported SFI rates. We also report that age was positively related to prevalence rates, with more illusions reported by older samples. Our review suggests that the conditions required to induce strange face illusions appear to be reduced light levels, face stimuli and prolonged eye fixation.In conclusion, SFIs commonly occur in both the MGT and the IGDT paradigms. Current psychodynamic interpretations of SFIs as dissociative identities remain largely speculative and further research of higher quality is needed to establish the prevalence and mechanisms of SFIs more firmly.

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The ‘not-so-strange’ body in the mirror: A principal components analysis of direct and mirror self-observation

Cited by 12 publications

References 71 publications

Demystifying the mirror taboo: A neurocognitive model of viewing self in the mirror

Demystifying the mirror taboo: A neurocognitive model of viewing self in the mirror

Distinct neural response to visual perspective and body size in the extrastriate body area

Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis

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