The Non-Thermal Effects of Pulsed Ultrasound Irradiation on the Development of Disuse Muscle Atrophy in Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle

Relationship between extensibility and collagen expression in immobilized rat skeletal muscle

“…The wet/dry weight of the soleus muscle as well as the PCSA was lower in the immobilization group than in the control group at all time points. Our previous studies indicated that muscle weight, cross‐sectional area, and diameter were lower in immobilized skeletal muscle, and that immobilization‐induced muscle atrophy . Muscle characteristics in this study were similar to those indicated in previous reports, which used animal models that were similar to the immobilized rat model used in this study.…”

“…Our previous studies indicated that muscle weight, crosssectional area, and diameter were lower in immobilized skeletal muscle, and that immobilizationinduced muscle atrophy. 6,19,20 Muscle characteristics in this study were similar to those indicated in previous reports, which used animal models that were similar to the immobilized rat model used in this study. The muscle length at the start of passive tension in the immobilization group was shorter than that in the control group at each immobilization period.…”

Effect of Pulsed and Continuous Ultrasound Therapy on the Degree of Collateral Axonal Branching at the Lesion Site, Polyinnervation of Motor End Plates, and Recovery of Motor Function after Facial Nerve Reconstruction

“…Our pilot study showed that application of ultrasound transmission gel caused a cooling effect at the beginning. Similar degrees in the temperature of the muscle were also reported in the previous studies (Matsumoto et al, ). The degrees of body temperature because of anesthesia could be a misleading result of pilot study.…”

“…In the literature, it is shown that using the 1.0 and 1.5 W/cm 2 intensity pulsed or continuous ultrasound therapy significantly enhanced proliferation of satellite cell in the injured muscle (Rantanen et al, ), increased immediate range of motion (Draper et al, ), significantly increased insulin‐like growth factor‐1Eb splice variant gene expression (Delgado‐Diaz et al, ), diminished catalase and superoxide dismutase activities (Freitas et al, ), and inhibited the development of disuse muscle atrophy partially (Matsumoto et al, ). In this study, we aim to test the mechanic massage effect of 1.5 W/cm 2 intensity ultrasound by using pulsed ultrasound and the thermal effect with continuous one.…”

Upregulation of interleukin‐1β/transforming growth factor‐β1 and hypoxia relate to molecular mechanisms underlying immobilization‐induced muscle contracture

“…Hypoxic changes were induced by a decrease in the volume of blood flow to inadequate levels, known as ischemia, which in turn was triggered by a decrease in the number of capillaries. In our pilot studies, the number of capillaries in immobilized rat soleus muscles was significantly lower than the number in control muscles after a 4‐week immobilization . Therefore, we hypothesize that the ischemia was caused by a reduction in the number of capillaries in the immobilized muscles.…”