The non-linear behavior of aqueous model ice in downward flexure

Polach, Franz von Bock und; Ettema, Robert; Gralher, Silke; Kellner, Leon; Stender, Merten

doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.05.001

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The elastic modulus was measured with the infinite plate test, also as recommended by ITTC and which is common practice in all model test basins. Model ice has previously been observed to exhibit non-linear behavior under flexural loading [6,9,26]. Slight non-linearity can also be observed in the graphs of Fig.…”

Section: Ice Properties and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…2). The elastic modulus could also be determined using the cantilever beam test method [25], which von Bock und Polach et al [9] suggest that should be preferably used instead of the infinite plate method. The displacements during the flexural strength experiments were, however, not measured and the results from the cantilever beam experiments cannot be used to calculate the elastic modulus here.…”

Section: Ice Properties and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Model-scale testing involves conditions of similitude and the assumption that a model ice can reproduce the mechanical behavior of full-scale ice. Model-scale testing techniques and the scalability of the model-scale results are reviewed by Riska et al [5] and von Bock und Polach and Ehlers [6], whereas the properties of model ice are discussed, for example, by Zufelt and Ettema [7], Li and Riska [8], and von Bock und Polach et al [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model-scale tests on ice-structure interaction in shallow water: Global ice loads and the ice loading process

2022

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Laboratory-scale experiments on ice-structure interaction process in shallow water were performed by pushing a ten-meter-wide ice sheet against an inclined structure of the same width. Seven experiments were performed in three series: In one of the series, the compressive and flexural strengths were both about 50 kPa, in the two other test series the ice strength was two and four times higher. The ice thickness was about 50 mm in all experiments. The loading process showed two phases: the ice load on the structure (1) first increased linearly with a rate that was constant for all experiments, after which (2) the loading process reached a steady-state phase with approximately constant load. The magnitude of ice loads was not proportional to ice strength, as the weakest ice yielded higher loads than the ice having twice its strength. The ice rubble grounded in all experiments, but the bottom carried only a small portion of the load. The load records could be normalized by a factor combining the weight and the characteristic length of the intact ice. Based on the normalization, a model explaining the loading process was derived; the weight of the incoming ice has a dominant role during phase (1), while buckling explains the change in the process to phase (2) when the ice is strong enough. The loading process for the weakest ice was different from that for the other two ice types used. For example, instead of forming a rubble pile consisting of distinct ice blocks, weakest ice formed a dense pile of slush. The normalized ice load data highlighted the differences in the loading process.

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Section: Ice Properties and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Ice Properties and Test Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Model-scale tests on ice-structure interaction in shallow water: Global ice loads and the ice loading process

2022

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“…Although model ice might represent the force level correctly, it has a significant amount of plasticity. The latter has been shown numerically for a different model ice type (fine-grained) by von Bock und Polach [24] and on the basis of measurement data for most existing model ice types [25]. Due to the plasticity of the model ice, the ice undergoes larger deformation to reach the critical failure stress than actual ice (sea ice, lake ice) would [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Here, the actual force displacement curve has a steep increase and a relatively long flat progression in the plastic domain until failure. The effective strain modulus linearly connects the origin and the point of failure in the force displacement curve and represents the effective stiffness of the ice that the waves experience [25]. The analysis was conducted with a linear iteration routine and a finite element model with solid elements and a element size of 4 mm for a 25.5 mm thick ice sheet based on a convergence study.…”

Section: Model Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Note on the Application of Transient Wave Packets for Wave–Ice Interaction Experiments

Klein

Hartmann

Polach

2021

Water

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This paper presents the transient wave packet (TWP) technique as an efficient method for wave–ice interaction experiments. TWPs are deterministic wave groups, where both the amplitude spectrum and the associated phases are tailor-made and manipulated, being well established for efficient wave–structure interaction experiments. One major benefit of TWPs is the possibility to determine the response amplitude operator (RAO) of a structure in a single test run compared to the classical approach by investigating regular waves of different wave lengths. Thus, applying TWPs for wave–ice interaction offers the determination of the RAO of the ice at specific locations. In this context, the determination of RAO means that the ice characteristics in terms of wave damping over a wide frequency range are obtained. Besides this, the wave dispersion of the underlying wave components of the TWP can be additionally investigated between the specific locations with the same single test run. For the purpose of this study, experiments in an ice tank, capable of generating tailored waves, were performed with a solid ice sheet. Besides the generation of one TWP, regular waves of different wave lengths were generated as a reference to validate the TWP results for specific wave periods. It is shown that the TWP technique is not only applicable for wave–ice interaction investigations, but is also an efficient alternative to investigations with regular waves.

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A model for the effects of temperature and structural parameters on the performance of a molten sodium hydroxide direct carbon fuel cell (MHDCFC) based on hydroxide ion mass transfer

Hao

Zhang

et al. 2019

Int J Energy Res

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The non-linear behavior of aqueous model ice in downward flexure

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Model-scale tests on ice-structure interaction in shallow water: Global ice loads and the ice loading process

Model-scale tests on ice-structure interaction in shallow water: Global ice loads and the ice loading process

Note on the Application of Transient Wave Packets for Wave–Ice Interaction Experiments

A model for the effects of temperature and structural parameters on the performance of a molten sodium hydroxide direct carbon fuel cell (MHDCFC) based on hydroxide ion mass transfer

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