The non-human glycan, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), is not expressed in all organs and skeletal muscles of nine animal species

Jahan, Marefa; Thomson, Peter; Wynn, Peter; Wang, Bing

doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128439

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…So far, no overview is available describing the presence of Neu5Gc in animal models for human influenza. Therefore, we summarized the presence of both intact CMAH genes and the expression of Neu5Gc ( Table 1 ) in animal models for human influenza, since the presence of CMAH does not automatically lead to high expression of Neu5Gc [ 8 ]. For completeness, we added dogs and horses to the table, since these species highlight the differences in sialic acid expression between species, although they are hardly used as models for research on human influenza A viruses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the loss of Neu5Gc protected individuals from infection with these pathogens [ 7 ]. The presence of an intact CMAH gene does not automatically lead to high expression of Neu5Gc in all tissues [ 8 ]. The expression of Neu5Gc in species used as animal models for human influenza has received little attention so far and no clear overview of this expression is available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus

Spruit

Nemanichvili

Okamatsu

et al. 2021

Viruses

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The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)−/− knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus

Spruit

Nemanichvili

Okamatsu

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…The large intestine (colon) of the pig strongly expresses both SA α2,3-Gal and SA α2,6-Gal receptors on the epithelial border and in the goblet cells, where co-expression is frequently observed [43]. Neu5Gc is reportedly present in the skeletal muscles, lungs, spleen, kidneys, heart, and liver in pigs [45]. The discrepancy in the SA distribution pattern among different studies could be due to the methodology used and the potential differences in the glycan phenotypes among various breeds of swine [44].…”

Section: Non-human Primatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High levels of 9-O-Ac SA receptors are also observed in bovine submaxillary mucin [49]. Neu5Gc is a commonly found sialic acid receptor in the skeletal muscle and organs in cattle [45]. However, more studies are needed to understand the distribution of the different SA receptors in bovine species.…”

Section: Bovines (Cattle)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover

Kuchipudi

Nelli

Gontu

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Emerging viral diseases are a major threat to global health, and nearly two-thirds of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic. Most of the human epidemics and pandemics were caused by the spillover of viruses from wild mammals. Viruses that infect humans and a wide range of animals have historically caused devastating epidemics and pandemics. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of viral emergence and zoonotic spillover is still lacking. Receptors are major determinants of host susceptibility to viruses. Animal species sharing host cell receptors that support the binding of multiple viruses can play a key role in virus spillover and the emergence of novel viruses and their variants. Sialic acids (SAs), which are linked to glycoproteins and ganglioside serve as receptors for several human and animal viruses. In particular, influenza and coronaviruses, which represent two of the most important zoonotic threats, use SAs as cellular entry receptors. This is a comprehensive review of our current knowledge of SA receptor distribution among animal species and the range of viruses that use SAs as receptors. SA receptor tropism and the predicted natural susceptibility to viruses can inform targeted surveillance of domestic and wild animals to prevent the future emergence of zoonotic viruses.

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“…In addition to milk, animal derived food including egg, fish, red meat and dairy products are also a good source of Sia [ 90 , 91 ]. Recently we have demonstrated that Sia is detectable in various organs, including the brain, kidneys, heart, liver, spleen and lung in pig [ 14 , 91 ].…”

Section: Sialic Acid In Different Organs Of Pigmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential for Sialic Acid and Sialylated Glycoconjugates as Feed Additives to Enhance Pig Health and Production

Jahan

Francis

Wynn

et al. 2021

Animals

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Swine are one of the most important agricultural species for human food production. Given the significant disease challenges confronting commercial pig farming systems, introduction of a new feed additive that can enhance animal performance by improving growth and immune status represents a major opportunity. One such candidate is sialic acid (Sia), a diverse family of nine-carbon acidic sugar, present in various organs and body fluid, as well as an essential structural and functional constituent of brain ganglioside of humans and animals. Sias are key monosaccharide and biomarker of sialylated milk oligosaccharide (Sia-MOS’s), sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids in milk and all vertebrate cells. Sias accomplish many critical endogenous functions by virtue of their physiochemical properties and via recognition by intrinsic receptors. Human milk sialylated glycoconjugates (Sia-GC’s) are bioactive compounds known to act as prebiotics that promote gut microbiota development, gut maturation, pathogen resistance, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation and neurodevelopment. However, the importance of Sia in pig health, especially in the growth, development, immunity of developing piglet and in pig production remains unknown. This review aims to critically discuss the current status of knowledge of the biology and nutritional role of Sia and Sia-GC’s on health of both female sow and newborn piglets.

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The non-human glycan, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), is not expressed in all organs and skeletal muscles of nine animal species

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus

N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus

Sialic Acid Receptors: The Key to Solving the Enigma of Zoonotic Virus Spillover

The Potential for Sialic Acid and Sialylated Glycoconjugates as Feed Additives to Enhance Pig Health and Production

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