The non‐Fickian diffusion of deterrents into a nitrocellulose‐based propellant

Winkler, David A.; Starks, A. T.

doi:10.1002/app.1988.070350105

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The observed non-Fickian concentration profiles were attributed to Case I1 diffusion occuring due to swelling of the outer layer of the propellant grains under the influence of the deterrent and coating solvent (24). This seems to be plausible as it is known that most deterrents and in particular the coating solvents are good plasticizers and will efficiently swell or gelatinize the nitrocellulose matrix.…”

Section: Difsusion During the Deterring Processmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…According to this model, the deterrent moves into the propellant by diffusion and molecules are withdrawn from the flow by hydrogen bonding. However, Winkler et al (24) demonstrated that the "diffusion with interaction" model is inadequate in describing the anomalous concentration profiles as well as the observed solvent effects. It was pointed out that a dipolar interaction (such as hydrogen bonding) between nitrocellulose matrix and deterrent would in fact reduce the value of the diffusion coefficient but would maintain the exponential shape of the concentration profilethe diffusion would still be F i~k i a n (~~>~~) .…”

Section: Difsusion During the Deterring Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Diffusion of Deterrents into Propellants Observed by FTIR microspectroscopy — Quantification of the diffusion process

Vogelsanger¹,

Ossola²

1996

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The interior ballistic performance of propellants can be significantly improved by the application of deterrents. However the diffusion of the deterrents from the surface into the propellant grains during long‐time storage may significantly reduce the propellants shelf life. The diffusion of different types of deterrents into single‐ and double‐base propellants was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Microspectroscopy. The observed diffusion phenomena were explained sufficiently well by the 2nd Fickian diffusion equation. The determined diffusion coefficient values ranged between 10−17 m2/s and 10−14 m2/s at 71 °C. Polymeric deterrents were found to diffuse about one order of magnitude slower than deterrents of small molecular weight in the same propellant matrix. The diffusion velocities of the deterrents investigated increased by about 2 orders of magnitude between single and double base propellants. The changes in the interior ballistic behaviour caused by long‐time storage could be correlated with the obtained deterrent diffusion coefficient values. The results of this study are in good agreement with the very few data about the solventless diffusion process of deterrents published before.

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Section: Difsusion During the Deterring Processmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Difsusion During the Deterring Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Diffusion of Deterrents into Propellants Observed by FTIR microspectroscopy — Quantification of the diffusion process

Vogelsanger¹,

Ossola²

1996

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…To combine nEMs with the MWCNT paper electrode, suitable binders are required. Nitrocellulose (NC) is suggested as one of the promising binders because it is known to be a highly flammable polymer to incorporate with nEMs for promoting the combustion process in modern gunpowder and propellants. − In addition, NC can be easily dissolved in organic solvents and is hydrophobic, owing to which it is frequently used as an industrial polymer for coating plastics, membranes, and wooden materials. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flexible and Patternable Multiwalled-Carbon Nanotube/Nitrocellulose Hybrid Conducting Paper Electrodes as Heating Platforms for Effective Ignition of Nanoenergetic Materials

Kim

Cha

Kim

et al. 2020

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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In this study, a highly flexible, patternable multiwalled-carbon nanotube (MWCNT) paper electrode was specially designed and fabricated. The addition of a nitrocellulose (NC) polymer binder at less than the critical amount (≤2 wt %) was found to be effective for maintaining both the flexibility and electrical conductance of the resulting MWCNT paper electrode. The fabricated MWCNT paper electrode was then employed as a heating platform to ignite Al/CuO nanoparticle-based nanoenergetic materials (nEMs). The nEM layer was drop-cast on the surface of the MWCNT paper electrode with specially patterned shapes using a plotter, and its ignition was evaluated by applying various voltages through the MWCNT paper electrode. To increase the adhesion between the nEM layer and MWCNT paper electrode and to decrease the sparking sensitivity of the nEM layer, it was essential to incorporate NC in the nEM matrix. However, the combustion and explosion properties of nEM layers deteriorated with the addition of NC, enabling the estimation of the optimum amount of NC to be incorporated. The fabricated igniter can be employed in various thermal engineering applications, such as in the ignition of explosives and propellants, and in pyrotechnics. To demonstrate this, a compact, flexible, and patternable igniter composed of the NC/nEM layer (NC/nEM = 2:8 wt %) on an MWCNT paper electrode was used to successfully ignite solid propellants for launching a small rocket.

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Determination of Deterrent Profiles in Nitrocellulose Propellant Grains Using Confocal Raman Microscopy

Trewartha

Shapter

Gibson

et al. 2011

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The diffusion profile of dinitrotoluene deterred nitrocellulose based small arms propellants is investigated with Confocal Raman microscopy. The diffusion profile in all samples was found to be non‐Fickian Case II diffusion – a steady concentration with a sharp drop. Diffusion depth from the outside surface was found to be much greater than the interior perforation surface. A strong correlation was found between the perforation size of samples and their inside edge diffusion depth, while the outside surface was found to be more dependent on total diameter and deterrent concentration. Samples were also artificially aged to investigate movement of the deterrent over time.

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The non‐Fickian diffusion of deterrents into a nitrocellulose‐based propellant

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

The Diffusion of Deterrents into Propellants Observed by FTIR microspectroscopy — Quantification of the diffusion process

The Diffusion of Deterrents into Propellants Observed by FTIR microspectroscopy — Quantification of the diffusion process

Highly Flexible and Patternable Multiwalled-Carbon Nanotube/Nitrocellulose Hybrid Conducting Paper Electrodes as Heating Platforms for Effective Ignition of Nanoenergetic Materials

Determination of Deterrent Profiles in Nitrocellulose Propellant Grains Using Confocal Raman Microscopy

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