The Non-Coding RNA Journal Club: Highlights on Recent Papers—12

Shiu, Patrick; Ilieva, Mirolyuba; Holm, Anja; Uchida, Shizuka; DiStefano, Johanna K.; Bronisz, Agnieszka; Yang, Ling; Asahi, Yoh; Goel, Ajay; Yang, Liuqing; Nuthanakanti, Ashok; Serganov, Alexander; Lin, Chunru; Pardini, Barbara; Naccarati, Alessio; Jin, Jing; Armanios, Beshoy; Zhong, Xiao‐bo; Sideris, Nikolaos; Bayraktar, Salih; Castellano, Leandro; Gerber, André P.; Lin, He; Conn, Simon J.; Sleem, Doha Magdy Mostafa; Timmons, Lisa

doi:10.3390/ncrna9020028

Cited by 1 publication

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We assumed that the key pathway adopted by RNA viruses such as the SARS-CoV-2 to subvert the stem cells RNAi and making them as own multiplication carriers takes place by using the noncoding RNA (ncRNA) [113]. The internal structure of ncRNAs composed of 200bp include transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist and HOTAIR.…”

Section: The Virus Non-codingrna the Mechanism To Avoid Immune Survei...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A significant part of most evolutionary eukaryotic genomes is the result of regeneration processes in which the stem cell activities, the RNA transcription mechanism and the formation of "retrogenes" necessarily foresee the role of reverse transcript synthesis allowing to integrate new coding transcripts of DNA into the host genome. The mRNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and vaccines is closely associated with retrotransposons and the telomerase machinery and all have played a major role in this genomic sculpting [1,2,[103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113].…”

Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The higher the regeneration mode, the higher the risk of receiving inflammatory patterns imprinted by the mRNA Spike protein. As earlier mentioned, viral mRNA can either alter the expression of host RNAi or IFN using cellular machinery to form viral miRNAs, new patterns that are eventually integrated via L1 retroposition mechanism into the host genome [102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113].…”

Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

Balzanelli,

Distratis,

Lazzaro

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) was seen as a respiratory disease, however, an increasing number of reports indicated that the spike protein could also be the cause of the long-term post-infectious conditions known as Long-COVID characterized by a group of unresponsive idiopathic severe neuro, cardio-vascular disorders, including strokes, cardiopathies, neuralgias, fibromyalgia, and Parkinson's like-disease. Different lines of pieces of evidence confirmed that the spike protein that can be found on the surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virus latches onto angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors located on target cells. The RNA genome of coronaviruses, which, has a median length of 29 kb and is the longest among all RNA viruses, is comprised of six to ten open reading frames (ORFs) that are responsible for encoding both the replicase and structural proteins for the virus. Each of the components of the viral genome is packaged into a helical nucleocapsid that is surrounded by a lipid bilayer. The viral envelope of coronaviruses is typically made up of three proteins that include the membrane protein (M), the envelope protein (E), and the spike protein (S). The spike protein not only facilitates the virus entry into healthy cells, which is the first step in infection but also promote profound damage to different organs and tissues leading to severe impairments and long-term disabilities. Here, we discussed the pervasive mechanism that spikes mRNA adopted to alter multipotent and pluripotent stem cell (SCs) genomes and the acquired disability of generating an infinite number of affected clonal cells. This stance is based on the molecular and evolutionary aspects obtained from retrotransposons-retrotransposition in mammalians and humans that documented the frequent integration of mRNA molecules into genomes and thus into DNA. Retrotransposition is the molecular process in which transcribed and spliced mRNAs are accidentally reverse-transcribed and inserted into new genomic positions to form a retrogene. Sequence-specific traits of mRNA clearly showed long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) to confirm the retrotransposition, considered the most abundant autonomously active retrotransposons in the human genome. In mammals, L1 retrotransposons drive retrotransposition and are composed of long terminal repeats (LTRs) and non-LTR retrotransposons (mainly long interspersed nuclear elements or LINEs); specifically, the LTR-mediated retrocopies are immediately cotranscribed with their flanking LTR retrotransposons. In response to retrotransposons transposition, stem cells (SCs) employ a number of silencing mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification. This manuscript theorizes the expression patterns, functions, and regulation of mRNA Spike protein imprinted by SCs retrotransposons which generate unlimited lines of affected cell progenies and tissues as the main condition of untreatable Spike-related inflammatory conditions.

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Section: The Virus Non-codingrna the Mechanism To Avoid Immune Survei...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Final Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

Balzanelli,

Distratis,

Lazzaro

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

The Non-Coding RNA Journal Club: Highlights on Recent Papers—12

Abstract: We are delighted to share with you our twelfth Journal Club and highlight some of the most interesting papers published recently [...]

Cited by 1 publication

References 21 publications

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

The Long Covid-19 Syndrome the Spike Protein and Stem Cells, the Underrated Role of Retrotransposons, a Working Hypothesis

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