The Noise Properties and Velocities from a Time-Series of Estonian Permanent GNSS Stations

Kall, Tarmo; Oja, Tõnis; Kollo, Karin; Liibusk, Aive

doi:10.3390/geosciences9050233

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The post-glacial land uplift has been studied in Estonia for over 50 years using various data, such as repeated leveling data [58,74,75], sea-level observations [76,77], and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data, obtained from either continuously operating GNSS stations (CORS) or campaign data [78,79]. There are no significant differences between these studies.…”

Section: Land Uplift Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea Level Rise and Future Projections in the Baltic Sea

Kapsi,

Kall,

Liibusk

2023

JMSE

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This article aimed to provide an overview of relative and absolute sea level rise in the Baltic Sea based on different studies, where researchers have used data from tide gauges, satellite altimetry, sea level rise, and land uplift models. These results provide an opportunity to get an overview of the sea level rise in the Baltic Sea. However, to better understand the impact of sea level rise on the coastal area of the Baltic Sea, and especially in Estonia, two post-glacial land uplift models, the latest land uplift model NKG2016LU of the Nordic Commission of Geodesy (NKG) and Estonian land uplift model EST2020VEL, were used. These models enabled to eliminate post-glacial land uplift from absolute sea level rise. To determine the relative sea level rise in the coastal area of the Baltic Sea, the rates from land uplift models were compared to ESA’s BalticSEAL absolute sea level rise model. It was found that the relative sea level rise between 1995–2019 was −5 to 4.5 mm/yr (based on NKG2016LU) in the Baltic Sea. In addition, the southern area is more affected by relative sea level rise than the northern part. During the research, it was also found that the IPCC AR5 sea level projections predict a maximum relative sea level rise in the Baltic Sea by the year 2100 of between 0.3 to 0.7 m. As coastal areas in the southern part of the Baltic Sea are predominantly flat, the sea level may reach the real estate properties by the end of the 21st century. In the coastal area of Estonia, the relative sea level rise in the period 1995–2019 was −1.1 to 3.1 mm/yr (based on NKG2016LU) and −0.3 to 3.4 mm/yr (based on EST2020VEL), the difference between the land uplift models is −0.9 to 0.1 mm/y. In Estonia, the west and southwest area are most threatened by sea level rise, where the coast is quite flat. One of the largest cities in Estonia, Pärnu, is also located there. Using the ESA’s sea level and EST2020VEL land uplift models, it was found that the relative sea level rise will be 0.28 m by the year 2100. Based on the large spatial resolution IPCC AR5 sea level projections, the relative sea level rise will be on the same scale: 0.2–0.4 m.

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Section: Land Uplift Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sea Level Rise and Future Projections in the Baltic Sea

Kapsi,

Kall,

Liibusk

2023

JMSE

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“…A detailed overview of the calculations of coordinates and velocities of CORS is given in Kall et al (2019). To summarize, the ECEF coordinates in ITRF2008 were calculated for ten CORS stations (Fig.…”

Section: Network Of Continuously Operating Gnss Stations Estpos and I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ETRF2014) systems, the measured crustal deformations on the Estonian territory are primarily caused by two processes: (i) plate tectonics, which predominantly cause horizontal movements and (ii) postglacial rebound, which primarily causes vertical deformations but also, to a lesser extent, horizontal deformations. Postglacial land uplift has been studied in Estonia for decades, mostly using repeated levelling data (Zhelnin 1966;Vallner et al 1988;Kall et al 2014), sea-level observations (Jevrejeva et al 2002;Suursaar & Kall 2018), as well as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data obtained from continuously operating GNSS stations (CORS) (Kall et al 2019). Until now, the determination of horizontal deformations was complicated, primarily due to the scarcity and low precision of the repeated measurements (mostly triangulation measurements) (Rüdja 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New 3D velocity model of Estonia from GNSS measurements

Kall¹,

Kruusla²,

Liibusk³

et al. 2021

EJES

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The aim of this study was to create a 3D crustal deformation model for Estonia, based on dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data (geodetic points with velocities) and validate the existing models of horizontal and vertical crustal deformations with velocities from Estonian GNSS measurements. The observations performed for at least eight years at Estonian GNSS permanent stations and during the GNSS campaign measurements of 1997, 2008 and 2017 on the Estonian 1st-order geodetic reference network were used as input data. Coordinates of the geodetic points were calculated in the ITRF2008 reference frame using the Precise Point Positioning method. Horizontal and vertical velocities (in the North, East and Up directions) were calculated for a total of 22 GNSS points. Models for horizontal and vertical velocities were calculated using the remove-compute-restore method. The model of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) of the Nordic Geodetic Commission NKG2016GIA was used as a reference model. Residual velocities of GNSS points showed a good fit with respect to the reference model. The residual velocities were analysed by geostatistical methods and the prediction surfaces of the residual velocities were modelled. After adding the surface of the residual velocities back to the reference model NKG2016GIA, the modelled surface EST2020VEL was obtained. The obtained model was compared with the up-to-date intraplate deformation model NKG_RF17VEL. It was found that recent Fennoscandian intraplate deformation models NKG2016LU and NKG_RF17VEL fitted well with the Estonian GNSS data. However, both models are systematically shifted with respect to the Estonian GNSS data. For applications in Estonia, it is better to use the fitted model EST2020VEL. The uncertainty of the model is estimated to be lower than ±0.5 mm/a.

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“…The first data quality control was performed on board the vessel with the program TEQC [27]. The GNSS base stations data from the Estonian Permanent GNSS Network ESTPOS [28] and the Trimble Business Centre software were used for kinematic data processing in double difference mode. The International GNSS Service (IGS) precise ephemeris and absolute antenna calibration data were used.…”

Section: In Situ Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Copernicus Sea Level Altimetry Products in the Baltic Sea and Estonian Lakes

et al. 2020

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Multi-mission satellite altimetry (e.g., ERS, Envisat, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason) data have enabled a synoptic-scale view of ocean variations in past decades. Since 2016, the Sentinel-3 mission has provided better spatial and temporal sampling compared to its predecessors. The Sentinel-3 Ku/C Radar Altimeter (SRAL) is one of the synthetic aperture radar altimeters (SAR Altimeter) which is more precise for coastal and lake observations. The article studies the performance of the Sentinel-3 Level-2 sea level altimetry products in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea and on two lakes of Estonia. The Sentinel-3 data were compared with (i) collocated Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ship measurements, (ii) the Estonian geoid model (EST-GEOID2017) together with sea-level anomaly corrections from the tide gauges, and (iii) collocated buoy measurements. The comparisons were carried out along seven Sentinel-3A/B tracks across the Baltic Sea and Estonian lakes in 2019. In addition, the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Level-3 sea-level products and the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) reanalysis outcomes were compared with measurements from Estonia’s 21 tide gauges and the buoy deployed offshore. Our results showed that the uncertainty of the Sentinel-3 Level-2 altimetry product was below decimetre level for the seacoast and the selected lakes of Estonia. Results from CMEMS Level-3 altimetry products showed a correlation of 0.83 (RMSE 0.18 m) and 0.91 (RMSE 0.27 m) when compared against the tide gauge measurements and the NEMO model, respectively. The overall performance of the altimetry products was very good, except in the immediate vicinity of the coastline and for the lakes, where the accuracy was nearly three times lower than for the open sea, but still acceptably good.

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The Noise Properties and Velocities from a Time-Series of Estonian Permanent GNSS Stations

Cited by 11 publications

References 55 publications

Sea Level Rise and Future Projections in the Baltic Sea

Sea Level Rise and Future Projections in the Baltic Sea

New 3D velocity model of Estonia from GNSS measurements

Validation of Copernicus Sea Level Altimetry Products in the Baltic Sea and Estonian Lakes

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