The nitrogen economy of rice-livestock systems in Uruguay

Castillo, Jesús; Kirk, G. J. D.; Rivero, M. Jordana; Dobermann, A.; Haefele, Stephan M.

doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100566

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…Direct grazing on pasture has been shown to improve soil fertility in rice‐based systems (Denardin et al., 2020), leading to a greater potential to sequester SOC than continuous cropping systems (Johnson et al., 2007). The integration of livestock in rice systems benefits the subsequent rice crop, improving nutrient use efficiency and rice yield (Castillo et al., 2021; Denardin et al., 2020). The positive effect of rice–pasture in this study suggests that these integrated crop–livestock systems could be improved locally and further adopted in this ecoregion, considering that in Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, continuous rice cropping systems prevail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil C and N biogeochemistry are tightly linked; thus, the benefits for SOC are likely to become evident and translate into higher soil N supplying capacity (Dobermann & Witt, 2000;Sahrawat, 2012). Research has demonstrated that pastures including legumes support biological N fixation (Labandera et al, 1988), thus a rice-pasture rotation not only helps maintain TN but supports lower long-term use of external N fertilizer inputs in rice than in other regions (Castillo et al, 2021;Chauhan et al, 2017). Total N also did not change for ricecover crop, which has been reported in other studies (Witt et al, 2000), probably because of the submerged soils as well as biological N fixation by free-living microorganisms in floodwater (Ladha & Reddy, 2003).…”

Section: Effect Of Rotations On Soc and Tn Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inclusion of pasture, either sown or naturally regenerating, in rotation with rice provides sustainability advantages in terms of soil quality and reduced dependence on external inputs compared with other rice systems in the world (Deambrosi, 2003;Pittelkow et al, 2016). For example, average fertilizer nitrogen use in rice in South Asia is around 200 kg ha −1 but in South America, it is 120 kg ha −1 , whereas it is only 80 kg ha −1 in Uruguay (Chauhan et al, 2017), as a result of biological N fixation by the pasture and recycling of organic N by livestock (Castillo et al, 2021). However, economic pressures are causing farmers to intensify rice-pasture rotations, specifically to reduce the pasture phase of the rotation in favor of more annual grain crops.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irrigated rice rotations affect yield and soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate South America

et al. 2022

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) systems rotated with perennial pastures have intensified in South America to increase annual grain productivity, but the effects on rice yield and soil quality remain poorly understood. We evaluated rice grain yield, crop and pasture biomass production, and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen stocks (0-15-cm depth) in three rice-based rotations over 8 yr in Uruguay. Treatments were: (a) rice-pasture [a 5 yr rotation of rice-ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)-rice, then 3.5 yr of a perennial mixture of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.)], (b) rice-soybean [a 2-yr rotation of rice-ryegrass-soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)-Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)], and (c) rice-cover crop (an annual rotation of rice-Egyptian clover). Rice after soybean or pasture achieved the highest yield (9.8 Mg ha -1 ), 9% higher than rice after rice in the rice-pasture and rice-cover crop systems. Estimated belowground biomass under rice-pasture (2.7 Mg ha -1 ) was 12 and 42% greater than under rice-cover crop and rice-soybean rotations, respectively. Rice-pasture showed an increase of 0.6 Mg ha -1 yr -1 of SOC; no changes were observed in the intensified rotations replacing pasture with additional rice or soybean. All systems sustained soil total N. These results provide insights for implementing sustainable rice-based rotations, with rice-pasture being the only system that increased SOC while achieving high rice yields and belowground biomass productivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Rotations On Soc and Tn Stocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Irrigated rice rotations affect yield and soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate South America

et al. 2022

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“…Indeed, Van Campenhout 39 showed that rice farmers associations play an important role in the dissemination of agricultural information and the adoption of modern agronomic practices. The integrated rice-livestock farming system practiced by some surveyed farmers in the north Benin must be encouraged because this integrated farming system is known to improve household income, food security, and environmental sustainability 40 . The strengthening of semi-intensive and intensive rice-growing systems can be done through the provision of agricultural machinery to farmers' organizations or cooperatives to facilitate the plowing of elds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of rice farming systems, production constraints and determinants of adoption of improved varieties by smallholder farmers of the Republic of Benin

Loko¹,

Gbemavo²,

Djèdatin³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The Republic of Benin has the potential to reduce its heavy dependence on rice imports to meet the needs of its population. For that, the identification of technological and policy interventions allowing to improve the performance of Beninese rice systems is necessary. This study therefore characterized the Beninese rice farming systems and identified the production constraints in the country's different rice-growing areas, and determinants of the adoption of improved varieties by farmers. Four hundred eighteen rice farm households were surveyed across 39 villages using participatory research tools and methods. An hierarchical cluster analysis were used to classify the surveyed farm households into rice farming systems based on household socio-demographic characteristics, farm resources, farming practices and access to agricultural extension services. The cluster analysis revealed four typologies of rice farming systems differentiated by 8 variables. These are, the semi-intensive rice farming system (cluster 1), subsistence rice farming (cluster 2), integrated rice–livestock farming system (cluster 3), and intensive rice farming system (cluster 4). The integrated rice–livestock farming system was the dominant type practiced in the northern Benin, while, it is the intensive rice farming system in the south. Fifteen production constraints across rice-growing areas were recorded, with the lack of agricultural machinery and credits as the most important. The land ownership, risk aversion, production of off-season rice, and contact of farmers with non-governmental organizations positively influenced the adoption of improved rice varieties. Our results suggest that initiatives to boost rice production in Republic of Benin should prioritize the establishment of formal agricultural credit and mechanization option policies. We recommend training of rice farmers on modern production techniques. To increase adoption of improved rice varieties, agricultural extension services should target landowners’ farmers practising off-season rice production, and having in addition to agricultural income, other income from various activities.

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“…Moreover, should consider the use of mineral N fertilizers only when the organic manures and other non-synthetic N fertilizers cannot meet plant N demands ( Geng et al, 2019 ). Currently, upland rice systems are the most intensive agricultural systems where synthetic N fertilizer is the prevailing form of N inputs across the globe ( Liu T. et al, 2018 ; Castillo et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ). Generally, proper management of synthetic N fertilizers includes attributes of inputting the fertilizer in the form of the right nutrient sources, in the optimized quantity, and synchronizing the time and place of fertilizer input with plant growth and development ( Johnston and Bruulsema, 2014 ).…”

Section: Toward Better N Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent trends in nitrogen cycle and eco-efficient nitrogen management strategies in aerobic rice system

Farooq

Wang

Uzair³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is considered as a staple food for more than half of the global population, and sustaining productivity under a scarcity of resources is challenging to meet the future food demands of the inflating global population. The aerobic rice system can be considered as a transformational replacement for traditional rice, but the widespread adaptation of this innovative approach has been challenged due to higher losses of nitrogen (N) and reduced N-use efficiency (NUE). For normal growth and developmental processes in crop plants, N is required in higher amounts. N is a mineral nutrient and an important constituent of amino acids, nucleic acids, and many photosynthetic metabolites, and hence is essential for normal plant growth and metabolism. Excessive application of N fertilizers improves aerobic rice growth and yield, but compromises economic and environmental sustainability. Irregular and uncontrolled use of N fertilizers have elevated several environmental issues linked to higher N losses in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3), and nitrate (NO3–), thereby threatening environmental sustainability due to higher warming potential, ozone depletion capacities, and abilities to eutrophicate the water resources. Hence, enhancing NUE in aerobic rice has become an urgent need for the development of a sustainable production system. This article was designed to investigate the major challenge of low NUE and evaluate recent advances in pathways of the N cycle under the aerobic rice system, and thereby suggest the agronomic management approaches to improve NUE. The major objective of this review is about optimizing the application of N inputs while sustaining rice productivity and ensuring environmental safety. This review elaborates that different soil conditions significantly shift the N dynamics via changes in major pathways of the N cycle and comprehensively reviews the facts why N losses are high under the aerobic rice system, which factors hinder in attaining high NUE, and how it can become an eco-efficient production system through agronomic managements. Moreover, it explores the interactive mechanisms of how proper management of N cycle pathways can be accomplished via optimized N fertilizer amendments. Meanwhile, this study suggests several agricultural and agronomic approaches, such as site-specific N management, integrated nutrient management (INM), and incorporation of N fertilizers with enhanced use efficiency that may interactively improve the NUE and thereby plant N uptake in the aerobic rice system. Additionally, resource conservation practices, such as plant residue management, green manuring, improved genetic breeding, and precision farming, are essential to enhance NUE. Deep insights into the recent advances in the pathways of the N cycle under the aerobic rice system necessarily suggest the incorporation of the suggested agronomic adjustments to reduce N losses and enhance NUE while sustaining rice productivity and environmental safety. Future research on N dynamics is encouraged under the aerobic rice system focusing on the interactive evaluation of shifts among activities and diversity in microbial communities, NUE, and plant demands while applying N management measures, which is necessary for its widespread adaptation in face of the projected climate change and scarcity of resources.

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The nitrogen economy of rice-livestock systems in Uruguay

Cited by 12 publications

References 38 publications

Irrigated rice rotations affect yield and soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate South America

Irrigated rice rotations affect yield and soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate South America

Characterization of rice farming systems, production constraints and determinants of adoption of improved varieties by smallholder farmers of the Republic of Benin

Recent trends in nitrogen cycle and eco-efficient nitrogen management strategies in aerobic rice system

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