The Nitrogen Cascade

Galloway, James N.; Aber, John D.; Erisman, J. W.; Seitzinger, Sybil P.; Howarth, Robert W.; Cowling, E.; Cosby, B. J.

doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:tnc]2.0.co;2

Cited by 2,512 publications

(1,760 citation statements)

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“…Nitrogen is a major nutrient that controls primary productivity in many coastal waters, and atmospheric deposition is an important non-point source of both organic and inorganic nitrogen (Ryther and Dunstan, 1971;Vitousek and Howarth, 1991;Nixon, 1995;Paerl, 1995;Paerl and Whitall, 1999;Seitzinger and Sanders, 1999;Rabalais, 2002;Driscoll et al, 2003;Galloway et al, 2003). Excessive fluxes of nitrogen from atmospheric sources result in the eutrophication of many coastal waters in the United States, which is now considered the most widespread water quality problem (Nixon, 1995;Carpenter et al, 1998 (Psuty et al, 1993;Zampella et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary

Ayars¹,

Gao

2007

Marine Environmental Research

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary

Ayars¹,

Gao

2007

Marine Environmental Research

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“…Humans create more reactive N (Nr) than natural ecosystems do (Galloway et al 2003), principally nitrogen oxides (NO x -N, i.e., sum of N 2 O, NO, and NO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ), mostly through food and energy production and consumption, and their various byproducts. Reactive N Fig.…”

Section: Increased Anthropogenic Nitrogen Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, further increases in N emissions in the East Asia region during the next few decades have been predicted as a consequence of rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth (e.g., Galloway et al 2003Galloway et al , 2004Fang et al 2011). Fang et al (2011 indicated that N deposition in China ranged 2.6-48 kg N ha -1 year -1 , while the threshold of N deposition to N saturation in Chinese forest differs from that in the USA and Europe (i.e., the relatively high N leaching in some Chinese forests receiving low N-input).…”

Section: Long-term Effects Of N Deposition In Watershed N Cycles Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequence of altered nitrogen cycles in the coupled human and ecological system under changing climate: The need for long-term and site-based research

Shibata

Branquinho

McDowell

et al. 2014

AMBIO

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Anthropogenically derived nitrogen (N) has a central role in global environmental changes, including climate change, biodiversity loss, air pollution, greenhouse gas emission, water pollution, as well as food production and human health. Current understanding of the biogeochemical processes that govern the N cycle in coupled human-ecological systems around the globe is drawn largely from the long-term ecological monitoring and experimental studies. Here, we review spatial and temporal patterns and trends in reactive N emissions, and the interactions between N and other important elements that dictate their delivery from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems, and the impacts of N on biodiversity and human society. Integrated international and long-term collaborative studies covering research gaps will reduce uncertainties and promote further understanding of the nitrogen cycle in various ecosystems.

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“…dead zones in coastal areas) and terrestrial ecosystems and making contributions to climate forcing in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) (30,31).…”

Section: Text Boxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gigaton Problems Need Gigaton Solutions

Crittenden

Chen

et al. 2010

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Numerous challenges have been identified as critical for sustainability, including population growth, access to energy and resources, climate change, biodiversity decreases, and widespread poverty.Governments, industry, researchers, and advocates have proposed and begun to implement a range of actions and policies designed to tackle these challenges. Many of these practices are helpful for approaching sustainability, but their contributions typically do not match the scale of the challenges they aim to tackle. For example, recently the City of Pittsburgh announced plans to spend $24 million to replace 40,000 of its existing street lights with LED lights. This project is estimated to eliminate 17,853 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year (1), which of course is very helpful. However, this is only an approximately 0.7% reduction in the total CO2 emitted by the City (2). Although replacing street lights is likely to save the City money, such a small reduction in CO2 emissions contributes little to solving the challenge of climate change. That investment is probably better spent on educating people about how to save energy in their daily lives, such as by turning computers off when leaving their offices, which will have a larger impact at the City's scale. To meaningfully address climate change and other challenges, society needs a clear understanding of the magnitude of those challenges, and to match its actions to the scale of the problem.

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The Nitrogen Cascade

Abstract: Human production of food and energy is the dominant continental process that breaks the triple bond in molecular nitrogen (N 2

Cited by 2,512 publications

References 104 publications

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the Mullica River-Great Bay Estuary

Consequence of altered nitrogen cycles in the coupled human and ecological system under changing climate: The need for long-term and site-based research

Gigaton Problems Need Gigaton Solutions

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