The NIH MRI study of normal brain development: Performance of a population based sample of healthy children aged 6 to 18 years on a neuropsychological battery

Waber, Deborah P.; Moor, Carl de; Forbes, Peter; Almli, C. Robert; Botteron, Kelly N.; Leonard, Gabriel; Milovan, D.; Paus, Tomáš; Rumsey, Judith M.

doi:10.1017/s1355617707070841

Cited by 216 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Finally, Casey et al (2008) reported sex differences in three-dimensional mental rotation among kindergartners. Additionally, Waber, DeMoor, Forbs, Almi, Botteron, and Leonard (2007) reported the first wave of findings from the large National Institutes of Health (NIH) Brain Development Study, in which boys outperformed girls on the Block Design subtest, which requires three-dimensional construction of blocks to match a two-dimensional perspective drawing.…”

Section: Specific Cognitive Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations.

Ceci

Williams

Barnett

2009

Psychological Bulletin

799

573

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The underrepresentation of women at the top of math-intensive fields is controversial, with competing claims of biological and sociocultural causation. The authors develop a framework to delineate possible causal pathways and evaluate evidence for each. Biological evidence is contradictory and inconclusive. Although cross-cultural and cross-cohort differences suggest a powerful effect of sociocultural context, evidence for specific factors is inconsistent and contradictory. Factors unique to underrepresentation in math-intensive fields include the following: (a) Math-proficient women disproportionately prefer careers in non-math-intensive fields and are more likely to leave math-intensive careers as they advance; (b) more men than women score in the extreme math-proficient range on gatekeeper tests, such as the SAT Mathematics and the Graduate Record Examinations Quantitative Reasoning sections; (c) women with high math competence are disproportionately more likely to have high verbal competence, allowing greater choice of professions; and (d) in some math-intensive fields, women with children are penalized in promotion rates. The evidence indicates that women's preferences, potentially representing both free and constrained choices, constitute the most powerful explanatory factor; a secondary factor is performance on gatekeeper tests, most likely resulting from sociocultural rather than biological causes.Keywords: sex differences, spatial ability, mathematics, family versus career trade-offs, women in science Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014412.supp By 2001, women were earning 48% of bachelor's degrees (National Science Foundation, 2007) and 29% of PhD degrees (Hill & Johnson, 2004) in mathematics, representing enormous increases over the prior 30 years. Women's representation among editorial boards in science and awards panels similarly increased (Nelson & Brammer, 2008). These changes are evidence of the strength of cultural factors in determining such outcomes, because biology has not changed over this period. Despite this progress, women's representation among PhD degree holders has not coincided with proportional faculty appointments: Women earned 31.3% of chemistry PhD degrees between 1993 and 2003 but in 2002 were hired for only 21.5% of assistant professorships. Similar disparities exist for new faculty appointments in physics, engineering, and mathematics. In 1976 women represented only 7.5% of the faculty in physical sciences and less than 1% in engineering (Dearman & Plisko, 1979). By 2006 the percentage had increased to 16%-25%, but the hiring of assistant professors in these fields has not been proportional to female PhD pools. This hiring disparity extends beyond math-intensive fields.Even in less math-intensive fields, such as cellular and molecular biology, fields in which women obtain 46% of all PhD degrees, women disproportionately drop out at multiple points. The picture is the same across many science fields: Women are not being hired as assistant professors at the ra...

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Section: Specific Cognitive Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations.

Ceci

Williams

Barnett

2009

Psychological Bulletin

799

573

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Cognitive development is typically described in terms of improvements in accuracy, capacity, or processing speed and is operationalized as mean level of performance across multiple measurements (e.g., Waber et al, 2007). Less is known about the role of within-person variability in development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Becoming Consistent: Developmental Reductions in Intraindividual Variability in Reaction Time Are Related to White Matter Integrity

Tamnes

Fjell²,

Westlye³

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

180

177

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Cognitive development is known to involve improvements in accuracy, capacity, and processing speed. Less is known about the role of performance consistency, and there has been virtually no empirical examination of the neural underpinnings of within-person variability in development. In a sample of 92 healthy children and adolescents aged 8 -19 years, we aimed to characterize age-related changes in trial-to-trial intraindividual variability (IIV) of reaction time (RT) and to test whether IIV is related to white matter (WM) integrity as indexed by diffusion tensor imaging. IIV was quantified as the SD of correct RTs in a speeded arrow flanker task, and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics was used to test relationships with diffusion characteristics. Large age-related reductions in IIV in both simple congruent trials and more complex incongruent trials were found. Independently of sex, age, and median RT (mRT), lower IIV was associated with higher fractional anisotropy and lower overall diffusivity. Effects were seen for IIV in one or both trial types in the corticospinal tract, the left superior longitudinal fasciculus, the uncinate fasciculus, the forceps minor, and in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. There were no significant associations between mRT and any of the diffusion indices. The findings support the proposition that developmental reductions in IIV reflect maturation of WM connectivity and highlight the importance of considering within-person variability in theories of cognitive development and its neurobiological foundation.

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“…These tests were selected as they reportedly assess a range of neurocognitive skills and have been used previously in studies with adolescence and young adults (Conklin et al, 2007;De Luca et al, 2003;Gould et al, 2012;Harvanko et al, 2012;Khurana et al, 2012;Luciana et al, 2009;Waber et al, 2007). A fixed order of tasks was used to ensure tasks that were likely to be more demanding tasks were not presented consecutively to limit potential fatigue.…”

Section: Neurocognitive Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of vocational participation and global role functioning in help-seeking young adults, from neurocognitive, demographic and clinical variables

Cairns

Kavanagh

Dark

et al. 2017

Journal of Affective Disorders

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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The NIH MRI study of normal brain development: Performance of a population based sample of healthy children aged 6 to 18 years on a neuropsychological battery

Cited by 216 publications

References 21 publications

Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations.

Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations.

Becoming Consistent: Developmental Reductions in Intraindividual Variability in Reaction Time Are Related to White Matter Integrity

Prediction of vocational participation and global role functioning in help-seeking young adults, from neurocognitive, demographic and clinical variables

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