The Next Frontier of 3D Bioprinting: Bioactive Materials Functionalized by Bacteria

Abstract

VCH. B) Fabrication of eggshell membrane-inspired bioresponsive devices using 3D printing Reproduced with permission. [69] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society C) Digital design and fabrication of 3D multi-material structures with programmable biohybrid surfaces. Reproduced with permission. [70] Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. D) 4D printing ELMs capable of multiple shape change and drug delivery devices. Reproduced with permission. [60] Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH .

Gene expression dynamics in input-responsive engineered living materials programmed for bioproduction

“…S4 ). The 4 ​mm diameter hydrogels have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio than the 10 ​mm diameter hydrogels, which could improve mass transfer into the smaller diameter ELMs and improve gene expression [ [37] , [38] , [39] ]. Based on the results in this section, the rest of the E. coli ELMs experiments were conducted with the 4 ​mm diameter hydrogels.…”

3D printing for flow biocatalysis

“…[40][41][42] However, with the continuous bioprinting advancements in the eld of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, naturally focusing on mammalian cell printing, the dawning of bioprinted whole-cell catalysts can be foreseen with a shi towards prokaryotic cell printing. 43 A pioneering example in that direction was reported in 2021 by Duraj-Thatte et al, 44 who established a 'microbial ink' and printed functional living materials from the shearthinning hydrogel based on brin-inspired nanobers produced by genetically engineered E. coli. The inks contained different genetically engineered E. coli to demonstrate their functionality and application diversity with, e.g., chemicallyinduced, on-demand production and extracellular secretion of azurin as a potential anti-cancer drug.…”

3D bioprinting of microorganisms: principles and applications

“…Applications for mammalian cells include regenerative medicine, such as engineering of organs and tissues, drug discovery and drug development, and disease modelling, as well as bio-hybrid robotics [ 2 – 4 ]. Next to the continuously increasing relevance of bioprinting of mammalian cells, there is another topic that is currently gaining more and more relevance: bioprinting of microorganisms [ 5 , 6 ].…”

“…Furthermore, bacterial bioprinting exhibits several advantages over traditional 3D bioprinting methods applied to mammalian cells. It is more adaptable and compatible with various printing technologies due to the unique characteristics of bacteria [ 6 ]: Bacteria have cell walls and can, for example, by forming spores, withstand adverse conditions such as high temperature, freezing, oxidation, high pressure, X-rays, and UV-rays [ 8 ]. Moreover, bacteria’s ability to grow and reproduce rapidly lowers the process requirements for bacterial bioprinting [ 6 ].…”

“…It is more adaptable and compatible with various printing technologies due to the unique characteristics of bacteria [ 6 ]: Bacteria have cell walls and can, for example, by forming spores, withstand adverse conditions such as high temperature, freezing, oxidation, high pressure, X-rays, and UV-rays [ 8 ]. Moreover, bacteria’s ability to grow and reproduce rapidly lowers the process requirements for bacterial bioprinting [ 6 ]. In terms of printing parameters, bacterial bioprinting allows for a wider range of printing temperatures and speeds while maintaining printing resolution.…”