The Newfoundland Seal Fishery

Elliott, Charlotte; Poos, F. W.

doi:10.1126/science.80.2074.289-a

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…stewartii Smith (referred to here as P. stewartii), the causative agent of Stewart's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize (Zea mays L.), requires a Hrc-Hrp1 family T3SS for plant pathogenesis (23,27). Although this pathogen can be mechanically transmitted to maize under laboratory conditions by wounding, in nature it is largely dependent on its maize flea beetle vectors, predominantly Chaetocnema pulicaria (Melsh) and Chaetocnema denticulate (Illiger), for transmission, dissemination, and overwintering (15,16). P. stewartii does not have a saprophytic phase in its life cycle, and it is thought to persist in the alimentary tracts of adult flea beetles that overwinter in the soil, thus enabling its transmission to new plants in the spring (16).…”

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The Bacterium Pantoea stewartii Uses Two Different Type III Secretion Systems To Colonize Its Plant Host and Insect Vector

Correa

Majerczak

Ammar

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTPlant- and animal-pathogenic bacteria utilize phylogenetically distinct type III secretion systems (T3SS) that produce needle-like injectisomes or pili for the delivery of effector proteins into host cells.Pantoea stewartiisubsp.stewartii(herein referred to asP. stewartii), the causative agent of Stewart's bacterial wilt and leaf blight of maize, carries phylogenetically distinct T3SSs. In addition to an Hrc-Hrp T3SS, known to be essential for maize pathogenesis,P. stewartiihas a second T3SS (Pantoeasecretion island 2 [PSI-2]) that is required for persistence in its flea beetle vector,Chaetocnema pulicaria(Melsh). PSI-2 belongs to the Inv-Mxi-Spa T3SS family, typically found in animal pathogens. Mutagenesis of the PSI-2psaNgene, which encodes an ATPase essential for secretion of T3SS effectors by the injectisome, greatly reduces both the persistence ofP. stewartiiin flea beetle guts and the beetle's ability to transmitP. stewartiito maize. Ectopic expression of thepsaNgene complements these phenotypes. In addition, the PSI-2psaNgene is not required forP. stewartiipathogenesis of maize and is transcriptionally upregulated in insects compared to maize tissues. Thus, the Hrp and PSI-2 T3SSs play different roles in the life cycle ofP. stewartiias it alternates between its insect vector and plant host.

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“…P. stewartii is also suspected to overwinter as an endophyte within alternative grass hosts (16). Although several studies on P. stewartii transmission by its insect vector have been conducted (15,16,18), the genetic mechanisms that enable this bacterium-insect association are unclear.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Bacterium Pantoea stewartii Uses Two Different Type III Secretion Systems To Colonize Its Plant Host and Insect Vector

Correa

Majerczak

Ammar

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Later, the corn flea beetle (C. pulicaria) was shown to be the primary vector of P. stewartii in the Stewart's disease of corn pathosystem (8). In spite of the fact that the corn flea beetle was shown to be the principal vector of P. stewartii as early as 1934, little is actually known about the feeding times required for successful acquisition and transmission of the pathogen.…”

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Quantifying the Feeding Periods Required by Corn Flea Beetles to Acquire and Transmit Pantoea stewartii

Menelas

Block

Esker³

et al. 2006

Plant Disease

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The feeding periods required by corn flea beetles to acquire and transmit Pantoea stewartii were investigated in the Stewart's disease of corn pathosystem. To quantify the effect of acquisition feeding period on percentage of acquisition, field-collected corn beetles were allowed to feed for 6, 12, 24 36, 48, and 72 h on corn seedlings previously inoculated with a rifampicin-and nalidixic acid-restraint strain of P. stewartii. Acquisition of P. stewartii by corn flea beetles was considered positive if the rifampicin-and nalidixic acid-marked strain was recovered on selective media. To quantity the effect of transmission feeding period on percent transmission of P. stewartii by corn flea beetles, P. stewartii-infested corn flea beetles were allowed to feed on healthy corn seedlings for periods of 3,6,12,24, 36, 48, and 72 h. After the appropriate transmission feeding period, leaf tissues surrounding the sites of feeding scars were cultured for the presence of the P. stewartii-marked strain. Transmission of P. stewartii was considered positive if the marked strain was recovered on selective media. Acquisition of P. stewartii occurred within 6 h and the percentage of corn flea beetles that had acquired P. stewartii after 72 h ranged from 68 to 94%. The change in P. stewartiiacquisition by corn flea beetles (Y) with respect to acquisition feeding period (X) was best described by the Gompertz model, with R 2 values ranging from 91 to 99%. The mean time for acquisition by 50% of the corn flea beetles was 36.5 ± 11.6 h. The minimum transmission feeding time required for corn flea beetles to transmit P. stewartii following a 48-h acquisition feeding period was less than 3 h. The percent transmission of P. stewartii by corn flea beetles was nearly 100% after a 48-h transmission feeding period and was 100% by 72 h. Among population growth models evaluated, the monomolecular model best described the relationship between percent transmission (Y) and transmission feeding periods (X), with R 2 values of up to 84%. However, a nonlinear form of the monomolecular model better quantified the relationship between percent transmission and transmission feeding period, because pseudo-R 2 values ranged between 98.1 and 99.5%. The predicted transmission feeding time required for 50% of P. stewartii-infested corn flea beetles to transmit the pathogen was 7.6 ± 0.87 h. These results suggest that the corn flea beetle is a highly efficient vector that can quickly acquire and transmit P. stewartii, thereby requiring insecticide seed treatments and foliar insecticides that act quickly to prevent corn flea beetles from acquiring and transmitting P. stewartii to corn plants. Keywords Chaetocnema pulicaria RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. Dye (11,17,29,31), has significant economic implications for sweet corn and seed corn producers in the U.S. Corn Belt (21). Phytosanitary regulations are in pl...

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“…Bacteria enter maize leaves through wounds made by feeding of the com flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsh. (18,19,47,50). Initial disease symptoms are the presence of light-green or gray-green, linear lesions with wavy margins.…”

Section: Disease Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flea beetles were allowed to feed on infected plants, grown in cloth-covered cages, and were able to transmit E. stewartii when transferred to non-infected plants (50). Elliott and Poos (19) isolated E. stewartii from the triturated bodies of overwintered adults of C. pulicaria and were able to infect com plants by inoculation. Bacteria were also isolated (19) from C. pulicaria adults at Arlington, VA in every month, except Fd)ruary, for four consecutive years from 1934 to 1937.…”

Section: Seed Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology of seed transmission of Erwinia stewartii in maize

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The Newfoundland Seal Fishery

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

The Bacterium Pantoea stewartii Uses Two Different Type III Secretion Systems To Colonize Its Plant Host and Insect Vector

The Bacterium Pantoea stewartii Uses Two Different Type III Secretion Systems To Colonize Its Plant Host and Insect Vector

Quantifying the Feeding Periods Required by Corn Flea Beetles to Acquire and Transmit Pantoea stewartii

Biology of seed transmission of Erwinia stewartii in maize

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