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In this introduction we briefly review the literature on intellectual property rights and access to medicines, identifying two distinct generations of research. The first generation analyzes the origins of new intellectual property rules, in particular the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and the significance of TRIPS to developing countries. The second generation examines national-level experiences, as countries adjust their laws and practices to conform to TRIPS.Based on the insights provided by the articles in the special issue, we contribute to the second generation by considering a pair of overarching sets of issues. First, we highlight the domestic political challenges that affect how countries go about implementing their new obligations under TRIPS. We argue that alliances and coalitions are necessary to underpin the use of policy instruments designed to conform to TRIPS while taking into account local conditions and needs, , and we present insights that allow us to understand why alliances and coalitions are difficult to construct and sustain in this area. Second, we explain why policies that many countries adopt in response to TRIPS often do not generate their desired or intended outcomes. In the last section of the introduction we review the articles that appear in this special issue.
In this introduction we briefly review the literature on intellectual property rights and access to medicines, identifying two distinct generations of research. The first generation analyzes the origins of new intellectual property rules, in particular the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), and the significance of TRIPS to developing countries. The second generation examines national-level experiences, as countries adjust their laws and practices to conform to TRIPS.Based on the insights provided by the articles in the special issue, we contribute to the second generation by considering a pair of overarching sets of issues. First, we highlight the domestic political challenges that affect how countries go about implementing their new obligations under TRIPS. We argue that alliances and coalitions are necessary to underpin the use of policy instruments designed to conform to TRIPS while taking into account local conditions and needs, , and we present insights that allow us to understand why alliances and coalitions are difficult to construct and sustain in this area. Second, we explain why policies that many countries adopt in response to TRIPS often do not generate their desired or intended outcomes. In the last section of the introduction we review the articles that appear in this special issue.
Global Health 1 has emerged as a flourishing field of study that advances key ideas and debates in International Relations. Twenty-five years since Caroline Thomas's article 'On the Health of International Relations and the International Relations of Health' first appeared in the Review, 2 this Special Issue presents a richly diverse collection of articles that are deeply informed by, and offer new insights into, International Relations. The specific focus of this Special Issue is thus decidedly on the rapidly growing field of Global Health research emerging within the discipline of International Relations (IR). It showcases how the study of Global Health is increasingly generating new perspectives on some of the core assumptions and debates in the discipline. Indeed, as the articles in this Special Issue show, the field of Global Health in International Relations is rapidly maturing by drawing upon and challenging a broad range of influences from within IR. At the same time, the articles included herein also contribute to the strong interdisciplinary character that has become such a defining hallmark of Global Health research, which has engaged with scholarship emanating from disciplines like History, Geography, Anthropology, and Sociology, 3 as well as Public Health. 4 The thriving state of Global Health in International Relations is seen perhaps most clearly in the number and range of books published in the last five years, from 825 1 We use the capitalised 'Global Health' to refer to the field of study and the lower case 'global health' to refer to the policy arena and practice. 2 Caroline Thomas, 'On the health of International Relations and the international relations of health',
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