The new geography of corporate research in Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

M&As AND THE GLOBAL STRATEGIES OF TNCs

“…Cantwell and Santangelo (2000) show that a change occurred between the late 1970s and the mid-1990s in terms of the balance between diversification and rationalization in large companies. Large corporate groups attempted to reach an "optimum" balance between the extent of diversity and integration of their intangible assets, by pursuing a more related type of diversification.…”

“…Hitt, Hoskisson and Kim (1997) confirm this viewpoint by showing that international diversification is positively related to R&D-intensity. Nonetheless, Cantwell and Santangelo (2001) provide empirical evidence that a distinction has to be made between close and loose relatedness. In that distinction, the former allows for cooperation, while the latter encourages competition due to the coincidence of the markets in which firms operate.…”

Proximity and multinational enterprise co-location in clusters: a multiple case study of Dutch science parks

“…Importantly, we do not study the collaborative innovation processes with other (local) firms and knowledge institutes (Andersson et al 2016) that motivate this co-location, but how proximity explains the co-location. Relatedly, Mariotti, Piscitello, and Elia (2010) and Cantwell and Santangelo (2002) have provided evidence that MNEs only tend to co-locate with organisations when doing so offers the potential for positive knowledge spillovers for the MNE, through the inward transfer of external knowledge and technology across the MNE's firm boundary (Eisenhardt and Santos 2001).…”

“…However, interviewees from MNEs and other organisations in the three science parks consistently articulated a view whereby MNEs do not have intensive ties with other MNEs. This suggests that the influence of organisational proximity on MNE co-location in science parks is affected by the degree of competition with potential partners, and that MNEs view smaller firms and knowledge institutes as a better choice for positive knowledge flows (Cantwell and Santangelo 2002;Mariotti, Piscitello, and Elia 2010). MNEs co-locate in all three science parks to pursue relationships with small domestic firms (startups and/or spin-offs), as they are perceived to have a disruptive, energetic and quicker way of thinking/working than MNEs are able to achieve (Prashantham and Birkinshaw 2008).…”

“…It is important for managers and policy-makers to understand the effects of the degree of focus of science parks (or other knowledge-intensive clusters), as the focus on a limited number of research fields increases cognitive proximity, which supports knowledge transfer processes and the creation of synergies -adding to the attractiveness of the location. • MnEs prefer to agglomerate with organisations that will produce positive knowledge externalities (Cantwell and santangelo 2002;Mariotti, Piscitello, and Elia 2010) • MnE entry modes differ in their degree of initial commitment to geographic proximity (Pan and tse…”