The New EU Directive on the Use of Animals for Research and the Value of Moral Consistency

Deckers, Jan

doi:10.1007/s11673-012-9400-0

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“… Group 2: Mice were administered with EtOAc fraction at a constant ratio of 400mg/kilogram body weight dose.  Group 3: Positive control -mice were administered with 400 mg/kilogram body weight chlorpropamide The use of mice followed internationally accepted principles for European Union (EU) directive 2010/63/EU on the use of animals for research [23]. After the study, the experimented mice were euthanized by intraperitoneal dosing of 200 mg/Kilogram body weight of 18% Sodium pentobarbitone [24] in accordance with AVMA guideline for the euthanasia of animals 2020 edition [25], then disposed at Muhimbili National Hospital incinerator.…”

Section: Extract Administration and Hypoglycemic Activity In Micementioning

confidence: 99%

The Hypoglycemic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Temu

Martin

Sauli

2020

IJTDH

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Varieties of plants including Cymbopogon citratus are traditionally used in controlling hyperglycemia by either stimulating insulin secretion, inhibition α- Glucosidase or α-amylase activity. Cymbopogon citratus leaves were shade dried, grinded into fine powder and then extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. Fractionation was done by VLC using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. OGTT was performed for both crude extract and fractions. Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate (170 mg/kilogram body weight). The mice were treated with ethyl acetate fraction once daily at 400 mg/kilogram body weight dose for the period of 20 days.FBG and weight were then recorded in days 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 after six hours of fasting. Safety of crude water extract and ethyl acetate fractions were evaluated in mice by using Lorke’s method, followed by 5 days observation for their mortality and behavioral changes. Comparisons of results among groups were analyzed using One-way ANOVA. The difference between the means of the two population groups (each against negative control) was considered significant at p< 0.05. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Both crude and ethyl acetate fractions from C. citratus showed significant hypoglycemic activity. Moreover, higher hypoglycemic activity was shown by ethyl acetate fraction (p = 0.004). No mortality was observed at 5000 mg/kilogram body weight dose but sleeping and tremor were observed at a 1000 -5000 mg/kilogram body weight dose. Good hypoglycemic and safety results from ethyl acetate fraction highly suggest that Cymbopogon citratus extracts are effective against insulin-dependent hyperglycemia, which may be contributed by the action of the present of alkaloids, saponins, antraquinone, phenol and tannins. Isolation and testing of the active ingredients from the C. citratus extract are thus warranted for use in developing pharmaceutical anti-hyperglycemic drugs from this herbal plant.

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Section: Extract Administration and Hypoglycemic Activity In Micementioning

confidence: 99%

The Hypoglycemic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Temu

Martin

Sauli

2020

IJTDH

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Animal Research Ethics: Is Directive 2010/63/EUSpeciesist?

Beriaín

Azofra

2014

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Animal rights defenders criticise the Directive 2010/63/EU for at least three objections: experimentation with higher species is not as necessary as the authors seem to assume; even if we accept that it is necessary from a scientific point of view, it would be morally unacceptable; even while it may be necessary from a scientific point of view and morally acceptable, there are no relevant reasons for using apes in experimentation instead of those human beings whose moral status could hardly be considered superior to apes. This article seeks to demonstrate that those objections are not acceptable. Hence, it especially focuses on the third one, assessing that the preference for animals as objects of research is not speciesist discrimination. It is stated that this preference is simply the consequence that is given by the need to ensure the application of the moral criterion highlighted: the maximisation of happiness. Key Concepts: Speciesism involves the assignment of different values, rights or special consideration to individuals solely on the basis of their species membership. Directive 2010/63/UE has been considered speciesist as far as it settles an unfair discrimination between animals and marginal human beings. This critique is built on the basis of the argument from marginal cases. This argument tries to demonstrate that it is unfair to treat human beings and animals in a different way as far as at least some of them share the same moral value. Marginal human beings are those who are not moral agents due to a lack of a morally relevant quality, such as rationality. The argument from marginal cases does not work in the case of research with animals as far as our preferences are not based on a species prejudice. The use of animals instead of marginal human beings can be justified on the basis of a utilitarian argument.

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Fractal Behavior of the Pancreatic <italic>β</italic>-Cell Near the Percolation Threshold: Effect of the K_ATPChannel On the Electrical Response

Bahlouli

Mokaddem

Hamdache

et al. 2016

IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. and Bioinf.

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The molecular system built with true chemical bonds or strong molecular interaction can be described using conceptual mathematical tools. Modeling of the natural generated ionic currents on the human pancreatic β-cell activity had been already studied using complicated analytical models. In our present contribution, we prove the same using our simple electrical model. The ionic currents are associated with different proteins membrane channels (K-Ca, K(v), K(ATP), Ca(v)-L) and Na/Ca Exchanger (NCX). The proteins are Ohmic conductors and are modeled by conductance randomly distributed. Switches are placed in series with conductances in order to highlight the channel activity. However, the KATP channel activity is stimulated by glucose, and the NCX's conductance change according to the intracellular calcium concentration. The percolation threshold of the system is calculated by the fractal nature of the infinite cluster using the Tarjan's depth-first-search algorithm. It is shown that the behavior of the internal concentration of Ca(2+) and the membrane potential are modulated by glucose. The results confirm that the inhibition of KATP channels depolarizes the membrane and increases the influx of [Ca(2+)]i through NCX and Ca(v)-L channel for high glucose concentrations.

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The New EU Directive on the Use of Animals for Research and the Value of Moral Consistency

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

The Hypoglycemic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

The Hypoglycemic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Animal Research Ethics: Is Directive 2010/63/EUSpeciesist?

Fractal Behavior of the Pancreatic <italic>β</italic>-Cell Near the Percolation Threshold: Effect of the K_ATPChannel On the Electrical Response

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The New EU Directive on the Use of Animals for Research and the Value of Moral Consistency

Cited by 3 publications

References 11 publications

The Hypoglycemic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

The Hypoglycemic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Cymbopogon citratus and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Animal Research Ethics: Is Directive 2010/63/EUSpeciesist?

Fractal Behavior of the Pancreatic <italic>β</italic>-Cell Near the Percolation Threshold: Effect of the KATPChannel On the Electrical Response

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Fractal Behavior of the Pancreatic <italic>β</italic>-Cell Near the Percolation Threshold: Effect of the K_ATPChannel On the Electrical Response