The New Dimensions of Submarine Medicine

Ebersole, John H.

doi:10.1056/nejm196003242621205

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Clinically, 10% of detachments result from trauma. Although 1 The ophthalmologist must search for all tears in the retina and seal them off. However, if there is evidence of a strong vitreous pull, diathermy alone will not suffice, and more complex surgery such as scierai resection, a scleral-buckling operation, or a vitreous implant may be considered.…”

Section: Retinal Detachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Detachment

1960

JAMA

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Section: Retinal Detachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Detachment

1960

JAMA

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“…1 In early submarines, the preferred supply of oxygen was 1800 psig compressed air bled into the boat as needed. 1,2 In order to maintain rough pressure control, while compressed air was bled in, "vitiated" air (air with reduced oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide) from the opposite end of the boat was compressed into waiting empty vessels 1 . The periodic use of pressurized air to control oxygen caused swings in ambient pressure that was uncomfortable for the crew.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The design of the submarine oxygen supply was limited to approximately 25 day submerged operation. 2 It was not until 1958 that U.S. submarines were able to carry out dives beyond that period and necessitated new sources of oxygen. 2 As early as 1919, liquid oxygen was a commercially available product and its use on submarines was contemplated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 It was not until 1958 that U.S. submarines were able to carry out dives beyond that period and necessitated new sources of oxygen. 2 As early as 1919, liquid oxygen was a commercially available product and its use on submarines was contemplated. 1 As submarines were required to accomplish longer and longer submerged periods of operation, the need to manage normal and emergency life support supplies became a priority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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U.S. Navy Sodium Chlorate Oxygen Candle Safety

McCarrick

Haas

Johnson

2011

41st International Conference on Environmental Systems

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U.S. NAVY submarines burn sodium chlorate "candles" in an enclosed furnace for emergency and supplementary oxygen generation. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Ship Systems Engineers Station reviewed the safety of the U.S. Navy's use of sodium chlorate oxygen generating candles in response to the chemical oxygen generator accident aboard the HMS TIRELESS. As part of this safety review, deliberately contaminated oxygen candles were burned in a standard Navy candle furnace to observe the impact of such contamination. Additionally, oxygen candles were burned at elevated pressures to investigate their performance in a pressurized submarine. The results of these investigations showed that the U.S. NAVY candle furnace is well designed from an oxygen safety standpoint, and that significant accidental contamination of a candle with organic materials would not cause an explosion or release of burning material from the current furnace. NomenclatureACFM = actual cubic feet (gas) per minute ASTM = originally American Society for Testing and Materials CBD = Chesapeake Bay Division of Naval Research Laboratory Cl 2 = chlorine, diatomic molecule ClO 2 = chlorine dioxide ft = feet (0.305 meters) HOCl = hypochlorous acid ΔHf o = standard heat of formation of compound, kilojoules/gram-mole at 25 o C ΔHr o = standard heat of reaction, kilojoules/gram-mole at 25 o C ml = milliliters 2 MSA = Mine Safety Appliances company NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration NFPA = National Fire Protection Association NOx = various gaseous nitrogen oxides NRL = Naval Research Laboratory NSWCCD-SSES = Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Ship Systems Engineering Station psia = pounds per square inch absolute psid = pounds per square inch differential psig = pounds per square inch gage SCFM = standard cubic feet (gas) per minute SCOG = solid chemical oxygen generator or self-contained oxygen generator sec = second SFOG = solid fuel oxygen generator WSTF = White Sands Test Facility, a division of Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center

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“…The introduction of nuclear submarines and space capsules in which men live in sealed environments brought many new problems in atmospheric control (Ebersole, 1960;Lambert, 1970), especially in situations where even minor illness can determine the success or failure of a mission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the microbial flora in the air of submarines and the nasopharyngeal flora of the crew

Morris¹,

Fallon

1973

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYAirborne bacteria surveys in nuclear submarines show that the total microbial load was maintained at satisfactorily low levels during prolonged patrols despite factors which were expected to increase this form of pollution.The isolation rates of Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria meningitidis from nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs respectively, together with the serum antibody titres to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, before and after patrols suggested that the transmission of these organisms between individuals was not much increased by patrol conditions. The finding of higher numbers of airborne gram-negative rods and bodily contamination by enterobacteria is frequently reported in submersibles but does not appear to cause major outbreaks of illness in nuclear submarine crews.

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The New Dimensions of Submarine Medicine

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Retinal Detachment

Retinal Detachment

U.S. Navy Sodium Chlorate Oxygen Candle Safety

Studies on the microbial flora in the air of submarines and the nasopharyngeal flora of the crew

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