The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: implications for education

Martin, Rebecca; Ochsner, Kevin N.

doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.006

Cited by 116 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Age was not a significant covariate in the analyses comparing groups within each study. Prior research suggests that reappraisal increases with age in healthy samples (John & Gross, 2004;Martin & Ochsner, 2016;McRae et al, 2012;Silvers et al, 2012); however, we found higher reported use of reappraisal in the youngest group of participants (i.e., PLE). Thus, although there is strong evidence for effects of age on emotion regulation in adolescence, these effects did not supersede the impact of psychosis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Emotion regulation across the psychosis continuum

et al. 2019

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Emotion regulation dysfunction is characteristic of psychotic disorders, but little is known about how the use of specific types of emotion regulation strategies differs across phases of psychotic illness. This information is vital for understanding factors contributing to psychosis vulnerability states and developing targeted treatments. Three studies were conducted to examine emotion regulation across phases of psychosis, which included (a) adolescent community members with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; n = 262) and adolescents without PLEs (n = 1,226); (b) adolescents who met clinical high-risk criteria for a prodromal syndrome (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 29); and (c) outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ; n = 61) and healthy controls (n = 67). In each study, participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and measures of psychiatric symptoms and functional outcome. The three psychosis groups did not differ from each other in reported use of suppression; however, there was evidence for a vulnerability-related, dose-dependent decrease in reappraisal. Across each sample, a lower use of reappraisal was associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Findings indicate that emotion regulation abnormalities occur across a continuum of psychosis vulnerability and represent important targets for intervention.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Emotion regulation across the psychosis continuum

et al. 2019

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“…However, despite close pairwise age-matching and covarying for age in all analyses, the age range of our sample was broad (12–29 years) and we therefore cannot completely exclude (neuro-) development as a potentially confounding factor to our findings. On a similar note, although the current AN and HC groups did not differ with respect to IQ, future studies should also carefully match according to education which has been shown to impact emotion regulation outcomes ( Martin and Ochsner, 2016 ). Third, although we cannot completely rule out any possible carry over effects from one condition into the other, the randomization of conditions and the jittered inter-trial interval should have kept it to a minimum ( Dale, 1999 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Processing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study

Seidel

King

Ritschel

et al. 2018

NeuroImage: Clinical

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Theoretical models and recent advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN) have increasingly focused on the role of alterations in the processing and regulation of emotions. To date, however, our understanding of these changes is still limited and reports of emotional dysregulation in AN have been based largely on self-report data, and there is a relative lack of objective experimental evidence or neurobiological data.The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the hemodynamic correlates of passive viewing and voluntary downregulation of negative emotions by means of the reappraisal strategy detachment in AN patients. Detachment is regarded as adaptive regulation strategy associated with a reduction in emotion-related amygdala activity and increased recruitment of prefrontal brain regions associated with cognitive control processes. Emotion regulation efficacy was assessed via behavioral arousal ratings and fMRI activation elicited by an established experimental paradigm including negative images. Participants were instructed to either simply view emotional pictures or detach themselves from feelings triggered by the stimuli.The sample consisted of 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and a pairwise age-matched healthy control group. Behavioral and neuroimaging data analyses indicated a reduction of arousal and amygdala activity during the regulation condition for both patients and controls. However, compared with controls, individuals with AN showed increased activation in the amygdala as well as in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during the passive viewing of aversive compared with neutral pictures.These results extend previous findings indicative of altered processing of salient emotional stimuli in AN, but do not point to a general deficit in the voluntary regulation of negative emotions. Increased dlPFC activation in AN during passive viewing of negative stimuli is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder may be characterized by excessive self-control. Taken together, the data seem to suggest that reappraisal via detachment may be an effective strategy to reduce negative arousal for individuals with AN.

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“…Supporting these initial effects, later, more controlled attention maintenance on reward compared with punishment (as observed in our earlier publication 12 ) can then act as a form of emotion regulation [47][48][49] reducing surprising punishing information´s salience 50 . Correspondingly, ECN activity has been suggested to underlie emotion regulation via attention processes and manipulate information in working memory for sustained goal-relevant and adaptive processing 15,51,52 . ECN nodes observed to be active in the current study may, therefore, www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ be involved in the down-regulation of punishing information's salience following optimistic expectancies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of optimistic expectancies on attention bias: Neural and behavioral correlates

Singh

Schüpbach

Moser

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Optimism bias and positive attention bias are important features of healthy information processing. Recent findings suggest dynamic bidirectional optimism-attention interactions, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain to be identified. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, therefore, investigated the neural mechanisms underlying causal effects of optimistic expectancies on attention. We hypothesized that expectancies guide attention to confirmatory evidence in the environment, with enhanced salience and executive control network (SN/ECN) activity for unexpected information. Moreover, based on previous findings, we anticipated optimistic expectancies to more strongly impact attention and SN/ECN activity than pessimistic expectancies. Expectancies were induced with visual cues in 50 participants; subsequent attention to reward and punishment was assessed in a visual search task. As hypothesized, cues shortened reaction times to expected information, and unexpected information enhanced SN/ECN activity. Notably, these effects were stronger for optimistic than pessimistic expectancy cues. Our findings suggest that optimistic expectancies involve particularly strong predictions of reward, causing automatic guidance of attention to reward and great surprise about unexpected punishment. Such great surprise may be counteracted by visual avoidance of the punishing evidence, as revealed by prior evidence, thereby reducing the need to update (over)optimistic reward expectancies.Most of us are overly optimistic about our future 1,2 . This optimism bias and similar cognitive phenomena such as positive attention bias (preferably attending to positive vs. neutral information in our environment 3 ) influence the way we see the world. Despite the fact that both biases are considered as important features of healthy information processing 1,4,5 and share an association with positive health outcomes 6,7 , optimism bias and positive attention bias have mostly been examined separately.The combined cognitive biases hypothesis suggests that cognitive biases usually interact and mutually enforce each other and, together, have a greater impact than each bias on its own 8,9 . The combined cognitive biases hypothesis was originally proposed based on findings of a reciprocal relationship between negative self-imagery and biased interpretation in social phobia but has soon been extended to other psychological disorders such as depression (e.g. interacting biases in attention, interpretation, memory, cognitive control) 10 and anxiety (e.g., expectancy and attention bias interactions) 8 .Moreover, we 11 have argued that cognitive bias interactions are not restricted to negative biases that maintain psychological dysfunction. Instead, they may well translate to positivity biases promoting psychological function. Specifically, we proposed a bidirectional interplay, namely (a) optimistic expectancies guide attention to positive information in the environment, and (b) directing attention to positive information enhanc...

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The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: implications for education

Cited by 116 publications

References 55 publications

Emotion regulation across the psychosis continuum

Emotion regulation across the psychosis continuum

Processing and regulation of negative emotions in anorexia nervosa: An fMRI study

The effect of optimistic expectancies on attention bias: Neural and behavioral correlates

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