The Neuroprotective Effect of Syringic Acid on Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Abstract

Acute arterial occlusions via different vascular pathologies are the main causes of spinal cord ischemia. We investigated neuroprotective effects of syringic acid on spinal cord ischemia injury in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: (I) sham-operated control rats, (II) spinal cord ischemia group, (III) spinal cord ischemia group performed syringic acid, and (IV) spinal cord ischemia group performed methylprednisolone intraperitoneally. Spinal cord ischemia was performed by the infrarenal aorta cross-clamping model. The spinal cord was removed after the procedure. The biochemical and histopathological changes were observed within the samples. Functional assessment was performed for neurological deficit scores. A significant decrease was seen in malondialdehyde levels in group III as compared to group II (P < 0.05). Besides these, nuclear respiratory factor-1 and superoxide dismutase activity of group III were significantly higher than group II (P < 0.05). In histopathological samples, when group III was compared with group II, there was a significant decrease in numbers of apoptotic neurons (P < 0.05). In immunohistochemical staining, BECN1 and caspase-3-immunopositive neurons were significantly decreased in group III compared with group II (P < 0.05). The neurological deficit scores of group III were significantly higher than group II at twenty-fourth hour of ischemia (P < 0.05). Our study revealed that syringic acid pretreatment in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion reduced oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration as a neuroprotective agent. Ultrastructural studies are required for syringic acid to be developed as a promising therapeutic agent to be utilized for human spinal cord ischemia in the future.

Metabolic Response of Pleurotus ostreatus to Continuous Heat Stress

“…Perhaps there are similar signaling materials, such as cAMP, waiting to be discovered in the heat stress effect; however, interestingly, some substances that were not enriched based on the fungus database changed significantly to heat stress. These substances, including salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, syringic acid, DL-pipecolic acid, and abscisic acid, all play important roles in the adaptation of plants to environmental stress (Tokmak et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2015;Sirhindi et al, 2016;Martínez-Medina et al, 2017;Pérez-García et al, 2017). Moreover, Trichoderma (Martínez-Medina et al, 2017) regulated defenses by shifting from priming salicylic acid to jasmonic acid to protect tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, providing additional evidence for the production of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid by fungi.…”

Protective effect of syringic acid on kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury

“…Group 3 (ischemia-reperfusion + syringic acid, n¼8) (SA) Three intraperitoneal doses of 10 mg/kg, 10% SA (1 mL/kg solution prepared with 10% ethanol) 12 were given before surgery (at 0, 12, 24 h). Half an hour after the last dose, bilateral renal pedicles were occluded for 30 min, and the rats were sacrificed 60 min after removal of the clamps.…”

Syringic acid inhibits apoptosis pathways via downregulation of p38MAPK and JNK signaling pathways in H9c2 cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury

“…In addition, SA was revealed to protect against I/R injury. Tokmak et al (10) reported that SA pretreatment in spinal cord I/R reduced oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration. SA also attenuated renal I/R injury (11).…”