The neuromuscular junction of Xenopus tadpoles: Revisiting a classical model of early synaptogenesis and regeneration

Bermedo‐García, Francisca; Ojeda, Jorge; Méndez-Olivos, Emilio E.; Marcellini, Sylvain; Larraı́n, Juan; Henríquez, Juan Pablo

doi:10.1016/j.mod.2018.05.008

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The NMJ connects a pre‐synaptic axonal terminal to a post‐synaptic region rich in acetylcholine receptors (AChR), allowing for neuronal activation of muscle contraction (Rana et al, 2017 ). As NMJs are relatively large and readily accessible, they have been a mainstay of vertebrate (Tokuyama et al, 2018 ; Bermedo‐García et al, 2018 ; Desaki & Uehara, 1981 ; Heuser & Reese, 1973 ) and invertebrate (Keshishian et al, 1996 ) neuromuscular research from the 1800s (Kuhne, 1887 ) until the present day; rodent studies, in particular, continue to reveal the cellular changes involved in synapse formation (Roche et al, 2014 ), degeneration (Gillingwater & Ribchester, 2001 ) and repair (Lawrence et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A method to identify, dissect and stain equine neuromuscular junctions for morphological analysis

et al. 2022

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Morphological study of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a specialised peripheral synapse formed between a lower motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibre, has significantly contributed to the understanding of synaptic biology and neuromuscular disease pathogenesis. Rodent NMJs are readily accessible, and research into conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has relied heavily on experimental work in these small mammals. However, given that nerve length dependency is an important feature of many peripheral neuropathies, these rodent models have clear shortcomings; large animal models might be preferable, but their size presents novel anatomical challenges. Overcoming these constraints to study the NMJ morphology of large mammalian distal limb muscles is of prime importance to increase cross‐species translational neuromuscular research potential, particularly in the study of long motor units. In the past, NMJ phenotype analysis of large muscle bodies within the equine distal pelvic limb, such as the tibialis cranialis, or within muscles of high fibrous content, such as the soleus, has posed a distinct experimental hurdle. We optimised a technique for NMJ location and dissection from equine pelvic limb muscles. Using a quantification method validated in smaller species, we demonstrate their morphology and show that equine NMJs can be reliably dissected, stained and analysed. We reveal that the NMJs within the equine soleus have distinctly different morphologies when compared to the extensor digitorum longus and tibialis cranialis muscles. Overall, we demonstrate that equine distal pelvic limb muscles can be regionally dissected, with samples whole‐mounted and their innervation patterns visualised. These methods will allow the localisation and analysis of neuromuscular junctions within the muscle bodies of large mammals to identify neuroanatomical and neuropathological features.

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