The Neuroendocrinology of Thirst and Salt Appetite: Visceral Sensory Signals and Mechanisms of Central Integration

Johnson, Alan Kim; Thunhorst, Robert L.

doi:10.1006/frne.1997.0153

Cited by 432 publications

(403 citation statements)

References 235 publications

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“…Isoproterenol injection does not induce sodium intake (32) despite the high levels of ANG II and the hypotension that have been implicated in mediating salt appetite (6,26,33). However, in rats injected with methysergide into the LPBN, sc isoproterenol elicits ingestion of a significant amount of 0.3 M NaCl, which suggests that any activation of sodium intake produced by isoproterenol is strongly inhibited by inhibitory mechanisms that have LPBN as a relay (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lesions of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract increase isoproterenol-induced water intake

Blanch

Freiria-Oliveira

Colombari

et al. 2007

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the primary site of the cardiovascular afferent information about arterial blood pressure and volume. The NTS projects to areas in the central nervous system involved in cardiovascular regulation and hydroelectrolyte balance, such as the anteroventral third ventricle region and the lateral parabrachial nucleus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of electrolytic lesion of the commissural NTS on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake and the cardiovascular responses to subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. Male Holtzman rats weighing 280 to 320 g were submitted to sham lesion or electrolytic lesion of the commissural NTS (N = 6-15/group). The sham-lesioned rats had the electrode placed along the same coordinates, except that no current was passed. Water intake induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol (30 µg/kg body weight) significantly increased in chronic (15 days) commissural NTS-lesioned rats (to 2.4 ± 0.2 vs sham: 1.9 ± 0.2 mL 100 g body weight -1 60 min -1 ). Isoproterenol did not induce any sodium intake in sham or in commissural NTS-lesioned rats. The isoproterenol-induced hypotension (sham: -27 ± 4 vs commissural NTS-lesioned rats: -22 ± 4 mmHg/20 min) and tachycardia (sham: 168 ± 10 vs commissural NTS: 144 ± 24 bpm/20 min) were not different between groups. The present results suggest that the commissural NTS is part of an inhibitory neural pathway involved in the control of water intake induced by subcutaneous isoproterenol, and that the overdrinking observed in lesioned rats is not the result of a cardiovascular imbalance in these animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have demonstrated that the hindbrain is involved in the inhibitory control of water intake and salt appetite, in contrast to forebrain areas, that mainly exert an excitatory drive on water and sodium intake (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lesions of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract increase isoproterenol-induced water intake

Blanch

Freiria-Oliveira

Colombari

et al. 2007

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…injection of carbachol in adult rats (Mahon et al, 1995;Xu et al, 2001b). Forebrain sites, particularly those located in the AV3V region (specially the MnPO and the OVLT), are the major structures mediating the responses to central carbachol (Fuller, 1984;Johnson and Thunhorst, 1997;Menani et al, 1990). To determine central actions of carbachol in the fetal brain, a c-fos-mapping technique was employed in this investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these structures, the AV3V is one of the most important areas in the forebrain in cardiovascular regulation (Brody et al, 1978;Brody and Johnson, 1980). Experiments using microinjections, lesions, immediate early genes, and recording unit activity identified the nuclei located in the AV3V, including the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), to be the major areas for central carbachol-mediated cardiovascular responses (Brody and Johnson, 1980;Fuller, 1984;Johnson and Thunhorst, 1997). The integrity of the AV3V region is essential for pressor responses by central cholinergic activation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Cardiovascular Responses with Brain c-fos Expression after Central Carbachol in the Near-Term Ovine Fetus

Shi

Morrissey

Yao

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Central cholinergic mechanisms play important roles in the control of cardiovascular responses. However, in utero development of brain cholinergic mechanism in regulation of arterial pressure before birth is largely unknown. This study investigated cardiovascular responses to central application of carbachol in fetuses and determined functional development of the central cholinergic systems controlling fetal pressor responses in utero. Chronically prepared near-term ovine fetuses (90% gestation) received an injection of carbachol intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Fetal cardiovascular responses were measured, and the brains were used for c-fos mapping studies. In response to carbachol injection i.c.v., fetal systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) immediately increased, accompanied by a bradycardia. The maximum increase of MAP was at 30 min after the i.c.v. injection of carbachol and lasted 90 min. Associated with the pressor response, the neuronal activity marked with c-fos was enhanced significantly in the fetal anterior third ventricle (AV3V) region (including the median preoptic nucleus and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis) in the forebrain, and in the area postrema, lateral parabrachial nucleus, nucleus tractus solitary, and rostral ventrolateral medulla in the hindbrain. These results indicate that the central cholinergic mechanism is functional in the control of fetal blood pressure at the last third of gestation, and the central AV3V region and hindbrain have been intact relatively during in utero development in sheep at 90% gestational stage.

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“…The NTS receives afferent sensory input from the GI tract in processing information related to waterelectrolyte balance and osmotic regulation during feeding (Johnson & Thunhorst, 1997;Schreihofer et al, 1999). Thus, at least in the rat, NTS neurones could control meal-associated water intake by releasing PK-2 from their neuronal terminals projecting to the SFO (Starbuck et al, 2001) thereby activating PKRs.…”

Section: Negri Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Bv8, the amphibian homologue of the mammalian prokineticins, modulates ingestive behaviour in rats

Negri

Lattanzi

Giannini

et al. 2004

British J Pharmacology

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1 The small protein Bv8, secreted by the skin of the frog Bombina variegata, belongs to a novel family of secreted proteins whose mammalian orthologues have been identified and named prokineticins (PK-1 and PK-2). 2 Bv8 (from 2.5 to 60 pmol) injected into the lateral ventricles of rat brain suppressed diurnal, nocturnal, deprivation-induced and neuropeptide Y-stimulated feeding and stimulated diurnal drinking. Nocturnal drinking was increased only in fasted rats. 3 PK-2 mRNA is expressed in discrete areas of the rat brain, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), medial preoptic area (MPA) and nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In the SCN neurons, PK-2 mRNA is highest during the light phase of the circadian cycle and undetectable during the dark phase. 4 The G-protein-coupled receptor prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR-2), which binds Bv8 and PK-2 with high affinity, is mainly expressed in the piriform cortex, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, parataenial nucleus (PT), SCN, hypothalamic paraventricular (PVH) and dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei, arcuate nucleus (ARC) and subfornical organ (SFO) of the rat brain. 5 Bv8 microinjected into the ARC, at doses from 0.02 to 2.0 pmol during night-time or from 0.2 to 5 pmol in 24-h-fasted rats, selectively suppressed feeding without affecting drinking. When injected into the SFO, Bv8 (from 0.2 to 2 pmol) stimulated drinking but did not affect feeding. Bv8 injections into other brain areas left rat ingestive behaviours unchanged. 6 We hypothesize that PK-2-rich projections from SCN neurons to PKR-expressing ARC neurons could transmit the circadian rhythm of feeding, whereas inputs from the PK-2-expressing NTS neurons to the PKR-2-expressing SFO neurons could transmit visceral information on the waterelectrolyte balance and osmotic regulation. British Journal of Pharmacology (2004Pharmacology ( ) 142, 181-191. doi:10.1038 Keywords: Bv8; prokineticins; feeding; drinking Abbreviations: ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; AT 1 , angiotensin II receptor 1; DMH, dorsal medial nucleus of the hypothalamus; MPA, medial preoptic area; NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; PK-1, prokineticin 1; PK-2, prokineticin 2; PKR-2, prokineticin receptor 2; PT, parataenial nucleus; PVH, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; PVT, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; SCN, suprachiasmatic nucleus; SFO, subfornical organ.

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The Neuroendocrinology of Thirst and Salt Appetite: Visceral Sensory Signals and Mechanisms of Central Integration

Cited by 432 publications

References 235 publications

Lesions of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract increase isoproterenol-induced water intake

Lesions of the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract increase isoproterenol-induced water intake

The Association of Cardiovascular Responses with Brain c-fos Expression after Central Carbachol in the Near-Term Ovine Fetus

Bv8, the amphibian homologue of the mammalian prokineticins, modulates ingestive behaviour in rats

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