The neurodevelopmental basis of bipolar disorder: Mechanisms and implications

Global and local cortical folding alterations are associated with neurodevelopmental subtype in bipolar disorders: a sulcal pits analysis

“…A functional MRI study showed atypical premotor activity or altered resting state network including premotor cortex in ADHD (35) and in patients with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) (36). Of interest, BD with neurodevelopmental impairment has been associated with these two neurodevelopmental disorders (37). For instance, a recent meta-analysis has shown that nearly one in six adults with BD had ADHD and one in thirteen adults with ADHD was also diagnosed with BD (38) and a prospective study has demonstrated than BD with comorbid ASD presented earlier BD onset than BD without comorbid ASD (39).…”

Rationale, Mission and Vision for a National Centre of Affective Disorders in Germany

“…Diagnoses of mental disorders still rely on operationalized, “atheoretical” diagnostic systems such as Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM) and International Classification of Disease (ICD): whatever iteration is looked at, diagnoses (that did not substantially change in the field of affective disorders during the last 40 years) are made upon checking and adding individual symptoms, which are explicitly not mapped onto biological mechanisms. Affective disorders especially are considered as a highly heterogeneous group of disorders, encompassing a variety of (neuro)-biological mechanisms, complex genetics, and a plethora of environmental influences 14 15 16 . Given this complexity, any attempt to uncover disease mechanisms by simply using DSM or ICD criteria is therefore doomed to fail.…”