The Neurobiology of Stress and Development

Gunnar, Megan R.; Quevedo, Karina

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605

Cited by 1,599 publications

(1,437 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Physiologic markers of acute stress such as heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol levels are needed to understand how greening may impact cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes. 122 These measurements have predominantly been used in laboratory settings but could increasingly be measured with residents in and around their native environments, especially in lower-resource or blighted environments. 123,124 A range of relevant safety perception outcomes associated with urban green space and greening are also needed.…”

Section: Refinement Of Measures Of Green Space Nature Health and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

2015

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Place-based programs are being noticed as key opportunities to prevent disease and promote public health and safety for populations at-large. As one key type of place-based intervention, nature-based and green space strategies can play an especially large role in improving health and safety for dwellers in urban environments such as US legacy cities that lack nature and greenery. In this paper, we describe the current understanding of place-based influences on public health and safety. We focus on nonchemical environmental factors, many of which are related to urban abandonment and blight. We then review findings from studies of nature-based interventions regarding impacts on health, perceptions of safety, and crime. Based on our findings, we suggest that further research in this area will require (1) refined measures of green space, nature, and health and safety for cities, (2) interdisciplinary science and cross-sector policy collaboration, (3) observational studies as well as randomized controlled experiments and natural experiments using appropriate spatial counterfactuals and mixed methods, and (4) return-on-investment calculations of potential economic, social, and health costs and benefits of urban greening initiatives. KEYWORDS Urban nature, Green space, Place-based interventions, Public health, CrimeThere is growing support of place-based programs to help prevent disease and promote public health and safety. [1][2][3][4][5] This movement is largely motivated by increasing findings that public health interventions targeted at individuals or behaviors have limited effect on health and safety outcomes at a population scale. 6 For example, educational programs that promote behavioral change among very specific, targeted population groups may not impact broader societal issues such as the actual contexts within which unhealthy behaviors like tobacco use, lack of exercise, poor diet, distracted driving, and violence occur. 7-9 Moreover, programmatic impact is rarely sustained beyond the small study populations that are targeted. When funding ends, program impact thus also often ends unless, in very rare instances, the program itself somehow becomes institutionalized or part of a larger social norm.Place-based programs rest on increasing evidence that in addition to biological and individual attributes, everyday environments have a potentially strong and Kondo is with the USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station,

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Section: Refinement Of Measures Of Green Space Nature Health and Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

2015

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“…Por exemplo, existe uma série de evidências neurobiológicas que apontam o mecanismo através do qual abuso e maus tratos na infância alteram o funcionamento do eixo hipotálamo-hipófi se-adrenal, podendo levar à depressão na idade adulta 16 . Evidências acerca de um possível mecanismo nem sempre estão disponíveis, e é frequente que a base conceitual seja revelada em função dos achados epidemiológicos.…”

Section: Buscando Fatores Ambientais Com Efeito Causalunclassified

“…A primeira foca os efeitos neuroendócrinos dos estressores ambientais. Destaca-se a vasta literatura mostran do os efeitos neuroendócrinos de eventos estressores sobre o eixo hipotálamo-hipófi se-adrenal 16 . A segunda foca o es tudo da ação de fatores ambientais que atuam no período perinatal.…”

Section: Entendendo O Mecanismo De Ação Dos Agentes Causaisunclassified

Em busca das origens desenvolvimentais dos transtornos mentais

Polanczyk

2009

Rev. psiquiatr. Rio Gd. Sul

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ResumoIntrodução: A psicopatologia desenvolvimental é uma disciplina que integra perspectivas epidemiológicas, sociais, genéticas, desenvolvimentais e de psicopatologia para entender as origens e o curso dos transtornos mentais. Neste artigo, são discutidos abordagens e conceitos utilizados para compreender as origens desenvolvimentais dos transtornos mentais. Resultados: A psicopatologia desenvolvimental entende que os transtornos mentais são possíveis desfechos do processo de desenvolvimento e são dependentes de infl uências sociais, genéticas e ambientais. Esses diversos fatores estão inter-relacionados de diferentes formas e em diferentes níveis, exercendo um efeito dimensional. São discutidos: a) abordagens para determinar causalidade entre eventos ambientais e transtornos mentais; b) a importância de entendimento dos mecanismos biológicos através dos quais fatores ambientais e genéticos atuam; c) fatores genéticos predizendo a exposição a estressores ambientais; e d) fatores genéticos moderando o efeito de estressores ambientais. Conclusões: As origens dos transtornos mentais podem ser iluminadas por dados de estudos que utilizam enfoques e conceitos complementares e que integrem infl uências sociais, genéticas, ambientais e desenvolvimentais. Descritores: Psicopatologia desenvolvimental, transtornos mentais, origens, interação gene-ambiente, correlação gene-ambiente. AbstractIntroduction: Developmental psychopathology is a discipline that integrates epidemiological, social, genetic, developmental, and psychopathological perspectives to understand the origins and courses of mental disorders. In the present paper, theoretical concepts and approaches applied with the purpose of understanding the developmental origins of mental disorders are discussed. Results: According to developmental psychopathology, mental disorders are possible outcomes of the developmental process that depend upon social, genetic, and environmental infl uences. These factors are linked in different ways and levels, exerting a dimensional effect. The following factors are addressed: a) approaches to determine a causal effect between environmental factors and mental disorders; b) the importance of understanding biological mechanisms by which environmental and genetic factors exert their effect; c) genetic factors predicting the exposure to environmental stressors; d) genetic factors moderating the effect of environmental stressors. Conclusions: The origins of mental disorders can be clarifi ed by data from studies that use complementary approaches and concepts, integrating social, genetic, environmental and developmental infl uences.

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“…Childhood SES is associated with aberrant profiles of cortisol over the day independently of adult SES [12]. Stress-induced neuroendocrine dysregulation has been proposed as a key process linking early life experience with adult risk of physical disease and psychopathology [13][14][15]. Cortisol has a pronounced diurnal rhythm, with high levels early in the morning, declining throughout the day to a nadir in the late evening and early hours of sleep [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen burden and cortisol profiles over the day

et al. 2009

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SUMMARYHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) regulation in adults is influenced by early psychosocial adversity, but the role of infectious disease history is poorly understood. We studied the association between cumulative pathogen burden and cortisol profile over the day in a sample of 317 healthy men and women aged 51-72 years. Cumulative pathogen burden was defined as positive serostatus for Chlamydia pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Salivary cortisol was sampled repeatedly over the day. The cortisol slope was defined as the decrease across the day and evening. Age, gender, grade of employment, body mass index, smoking status, self-rated health, cardiovascular medication, depressed mood and time of waking were included as covariates. The pathogen burden averaged 1 . 76 (S.D.=0 . 92). The cortisol slope was inversely associated with pathogen burden after controlling for covariates. When individual pathogens were studied, only CMV was associated with flatter cortisol rhythms in isolation. We conclude that pathogen burden is independently associated with flatter cortisol slopes over the day, and may contribute to disturbed neuroendocrine regulation.

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The Neurobiology of Stress and Development

Cited by 1,599 publications

References 151 publications

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

Nature-Based Strategies for Improving Urban Health and Safety

Em busca das origens desenvolvimentais dos transtornos mentais

Pathogen burden and cortisol profiles over the day

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