The neurobiology of adaptive learning in reading: A contrast of different training conditions

Sandak, Rebecca; Mencl, W. Einar; Frost, Stephen J.; Rueckl, Jay G.; Katz, Leonard; Moore, Dina L.; Mason, Stephanie; Fulbright, Robert K.; Constable, R. Todd; Pugh, Kenneth R.

doi:10.3758/cabn.4.1.67

Cited by 113 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…The left temporoparietal region of the brain is known to be crucial for the integration of letter and speech sounds (68) and has consistently demonstrated activation during phonological processing tasks in typically reading children and adults (for reviews, see refs. [40][41][42]. In individuals with DD, a hypoactivation of the left temporoparietal region of the brain seems to reflect an inability to map the sounds of languages (phonemes) to its written counterparts (letters/graphemes) (44,(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The left hemispheric occipitotemporal region seems to be involved in the processing of words or pseudowords in typical reading children and adults (for reviews, see refs. [40][41][42] and has been called the "visual word form area" (69). Several studies suggest that within this region, letters are represented and processed independently of the perceptual dimension of stimulus presentation (69)(70)(71).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research has shown an involvement of left hemispheric brain regions, including occipitotemporal and temporoparietal areas, during reading and reading-related tasks in typical reading individuals (e.g., refs. [40][41][42]. These regions have shown to be hypoactivated in children and adults with a diagnosis of dyslexia (44,(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)79).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional characteristics of developmental dyslexia in left-hemispheric posterior brain regions predate reading onset

Raschle

Zuk²,

Gaab³

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

206

190

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Individuals with developmental dyslexia (DD) show a disruption in posterior left-hemispheric neural networks during phonological processing. Additionally, compensatory mechanisms in children and adults with DD have been located within frontal brain areas. However, it remains unclear when and how differences in posterior left-hemispheric networks manifest and whether compensatory mechanisms have already started to develop in the prereading brain. Here we investigate functional networks during phonological processing in 36 prereading children with a familial risk for DD (n = 18, average age = 66.50 mo) compared with age and IQ-matched controls (n = 18; average age = 65.61 mo). Functional neuroimaging results reveal reduced activation in prereading children with a family-history of DD (FHD + ), compared with those without (FHD − ), in bilateral occipitotemporal and left temporoparietal brain regions. This finding corresponds to previously identified hypoactivations in left hemispheric posterior brain regions for school-aged children and adults with a diagnosis of DD. Furthermore, left occipitotemporal and temporoparietal brain activity correlates positively with prereading skills in both groups. Our results suggest that differences in neural correlates of phonological processing in individuals with DD are not a result of reading failure, but are present before literacy acquisition starts. Additionally, no hyperactivation in frontal brain regions was observed, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms for reading failureare not yet present. Future longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether the identified differences may serve as neural premarkers for the early identification of children at risk for DD.is a specific learning disability that affects about 5-17% of all children (1, 2). DD is characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition and poor spelling and decoding performance. DD cannot be accounted for by poor vision, hearing, or a lack of motivation. Molecular-genetic, twin, and family studies have shown a marked familial risk for DD, with an increasing prevalence in families with one or more members with a diagnosis of DD or reading difficulties (e.g., refs. 3 and 4). In addition, several DD susceptibility genes crucial for early brain development have been reported (5-8). DD can have severe social and psychological consequences (9-11) and may impact a child's life beyond their academic pursuits. Studies have shown that children with learning disabilities are less likely to complete high school (12) and are more likely to enter the juvenile justice system (13).Most researchers, clinicians, and reading specialists agree that DD typically results from a weakness in the ability to manipulate oral speech sounds of language (2,14). Individuals with DD are often unable to access the underlying sound structures of words, creating a difficulty in mapping sounds to written language (15-18). Phonological processing skills have been found to be a key predictor of later reading ability in pr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Functional characteristics of developmental dyslexia in left-hemispheric posterior brain regions predate reading onset

Raschle

Zuk²,

Gaab³

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

206

190

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Functional imaging studies on phonological processing reported activation in different subsystems of the reading system (Richlan et al, 2009;Sandak et al, 2004) such as the the left hemispheric brain regions including inferior frontal cortical areas (Bles and Jansma, 2008;Booth et al, 2007;Cao et al, 2006;Hoeft et al, 2006;Shaywitz and Shaywitz, 2005) in tasks involving effortful selection, retrieval or manipulation of phonological representations (Fiebach et al, 2002;Fiez et al, 1999), subvocal articulatory rehearsal (Smith and Jonides, 1998) or the pronounceability of print (Frost et al, 2009). Also, temporoparietal regions including the superior temporal, supramarginal and angular gyri as well as occipitotemporal areas have been associated with phonological processes (Church et al, 2008;Paulesu et al, 1993;Pugh et al, 1996;Rumsey et al, 1997;Shaywitz and Shaywitz, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early emergence of deviant frontal fMRI activity for phonological processes in poor beginning readers

et al. 2010

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“…Although we know that learning to read entails a substantial reorganization of the brain (Carreiras et al 2009 Neuroimaging research has shown a differential involvement of dorsal and ventral routes in reading processes in studies with monolingual samples (Pugh et al 2001;Schlaggar and McCandliss 2007). Whereas the dorsal pathway, encompassing parietal lobe, superior temporal gyrus (STG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars opercularis, is thought to subserve phonological processing, the ventral pathway, including vOT and anterior IFG regions (i.e., pars triangularis and pars obitalis), supports mapping of orthographic-lexical stimuli onto semantic representations (Sandak et al 2004). These findings have also been bolstered by studies looking at white-matter pathways (Saur et al 2008;Rolheiser et al 2011;Friederici, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Dynamics of Dorsal and Ventral Reading Networks in Bilinguals

2016

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The neurobiology of adaptive learning in reading: A contrast of different training conditions

Cited by 113 publications

References 72 publications

Functional characteristics of developmental dyslexia in left-hemispheric posterior brain regions predate reading onset

Functional characteristics of developmental dyslexia in left-hemispheric posterior brain regions predate reading onset

Early emergence of deviant frontal fMRI activity for phonological processes in poor beginning readers

Functional Dynamics of Dorsal and Ventral Reading Networks in Bilinguals

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