The Neuro‐Immune Axis: Prospect for Novel Treatments for Mental Disorders

Kraneveld, Aletta D.; Theije, Caroline G. M. de; Heesch, Floor van; Borre, Yuliya; Kivit, Sander de; Olivier, Berend; Korte, S. Mechiel; Garssen, Johan

doi:10.1111/bcpt.12154

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Others support this hypothesis as well [6][7][8][9][10]. Microbial cells harbored within the human gut and elsewhere are being studied to understand their multifunctional properties and their ability to affect physiological activities in their "host" organism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is possible because of common receptors on immune and neural cells, which is the hallmark of neuroimmunology. Importantly, what is causing this abnormal immune cell non-specific excitation may be the gut microbiome, which is constantly producing chemical messengers and other substances while potentially undergoing shifts in the ratios of its bacterial community [7,10,18,30,31]. Thus, one of the stressors may induce a state of inappropriate activation on a wide scale based on the numbers and kinds of bacteria present.…”

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitochondria, Microbiome and Their Potential Psychiatric Modulation

Snyder¹,

Kream²,

Ptáček³

et al. 2015

Autism Open Access

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Pervasive developmental disorders, or autism spectrum disorders, are multifaceted and have a high rate of occurrence. Additionally, the origin of Autism appears to be multidimensional and largely unknown. Thus, it would appear novel approaches and concepts are needed in this area of scientific endeavor. In this regard, microbial cells harbored within the human gut and elsewhere are being studied to understand their multi-functional properties and their ability to affect physiological activities in their "host" organism. The communities of approximately 10 trillion microbial cells that live within the gut are involved in functions such as metabolism, nutrition and immune regulation. We and others surmise this microbiota can contribute to disruption of normal activities, causing harmful pathologies such as gastrointestinal complications, obesity, and diabetes and autism. They have the ability to trigger inappropriate immune activation, especially macrophages, which can travel from the gut and penetrate the blood brain barrier and communicate inappropriately with neural cells, altering behavior. Normally these immune cells can enter the brain and become microglia. However, being abnormally stimulated, many more can enter the brain, awakening the sentinel microglia and establishing a proinflammatory state, inducing hypoxia (altering mitochondrial performance). Thus, the microbiome has the potential to extend its influence into the brain, suggesting this may also take place within the parameters of normal activity. In part, the behavioral outcome of such an inappropriate invasion would depend on the region(s) penetrated, manifesting itself with a multidimensional behavioral profile such as occurs in autism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondria, Microbiome and Their Potential Psychiatric Modulation

Snyder¹,

Kream²,

Ptáček³

et al. 2015

Autism Open Access

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“…Galactose is an important metabolites involved in the formation of glycans featuring galactose and its derivatives which were essentially bound by galectins [51], [52]. Converging evidence suggested that galectins play an important role in neuroinflammation and brain development and function [53]–[55], and Kraneveld et al reported that dietary or pharmacological modulation with small molecules targeting the galectin response in neurodevelopment disorders such as MDD could be a future therapeutic approach [56]. Although galactose's role in MDD is not clear, the foregoing reports implied that galactose may be involved in galectin-glycan interactions associated with the neuro-immune axis in mental disorders such as MDD and ELS/MDD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Biomarker Panels for Identification of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Patients with and without Early Life Stress (ELS) by Metabonomic Analysis

Ding

Yang

Li³

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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ObjectiveThe lack of the disease biomarker to support objective laboratory tests still constitutes a bottleneck in the clinical diagnosis and evaluation of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its subtypes. We used metabonomic techniques to screen the diagnostic biomarker panels from the plasma of MDD patients with and without early life stress (ELS) experience.MethodsPlasma samples were collected from 25 healthy adults and 46 patients with MDD, including 23 patients with ELS and 23 patients without ELS. Furthermore, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify the differences in global plasma metabolites among the 3 groups.ResultsThe distinctive metabolic profiles exist either between healthy subjects and MDD patients or between the MDD patients with ELS experience (ELS/MDD patients) and the MDD patients without it (non-ELS/MDD patients), and some diagnostic panels of feature metabolites' combination have higher predictive potential than the diagnostic panels of differential metabolites.ConclusionsThese findings in this study have high potential of being used as novel laboratory diagnostic tool for MDD patients and it with ELS or not in clinical application.

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“…In several studies, the gut-brain axis, also known as the neuroimmune axis, has been found to contribute to the pathophysiology of many neurodevelopmental diseases such as depression and autism. 32 The majority of studies have focused on the impact of microbiota on CNS function and stress perception. Stress and the associated change in the HPA axis can also influence microbiota composition in the gut.…”

Section: Brain-gut Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: Is It the Origin of Adult Diseases?

2018

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The gut–brain axis may contribute to the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases and chronic illnesses of adulthood. A literature search was completed using PubMed and the following keywords: “gut microbiota,” “breast milk,” “schizophrenia,” “irritable bowel syndrome,” “obesity,” “anorexia and bulimia nervosa,” and “depression.” The search was limited to articles available in English and published in the past 20 years. The human microbiota is essential to normal structure and function. The relationship of microbiota and the central nervous system is called the gut–brain axis, which may be responsible for many pathologic conditions. Research is needed to confirm this association and unveil the pathogenesis of this phenomenon.

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The Neuro‐Immune Axis: Prospect for Novel Treatments for Mental Disorders

Cited by 30 publications

References 122 publications

Mitochondria, Microbiome and Their Potential Psychiatric Modulation

Mitochondria, Microbiome and Their Potential Psychiatric Modulation

The Potential Biomarker Panels for Identification of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Patients with and without Early Life Stress (ELS) by Metabonomic Analysis

Neonatal Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: Is It the Origin of Adult Diseases?

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