The Neural Effects of Psychotropic Medications in Children and Adolescents

Singh, Manpreet K.; Chang, Kiki

doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.07.010

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Second, half of our MDD participants were taking psychotropic medication. Although we found no significant differences in neural activation between the medicated and unmedicated adolescents (Supplemental Table S4), medication status may nevertheless have contributed to our findings (26,69). Third, given the high accuracy rates on our task, we did not have a sufficient number of error trials for each individual to analyze neural activations to incorrect responses.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Hyperactivation in Cognitive Control and Visual Attention Brain Regions During Emotional Interference in Adolescent Depression

Colich

Foland‐Ross

et al. 2017

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

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Background Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are characterized by biases in attention to negative emotional material. While there is evidence that anomalous functioning in frontocingulate regions may underlie these biases, we know little about the neural correlates of negative emotional biases in depressed adolescents. Methods Eighteen adolescents diagnosed with MDD and 21 matched healthy control (CTL) adolescents underwent fMRI while performing an emotional distractor task. On each trial participants were presented with task-relevant house pairs and task-irrelevant face pairs. Participants indicated whether the house pairs were identical while ignoring the face pairs, which were either fearful, sad, or neutral. Results Despite equivalent behavioral performance (response time and accuracy) between groups, adolescents with MDD exhibited greater activation in frontocingulate regions, including dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and inferior frontal gyrus/middle frontal gyrus (IFG/MFG), and occipitoparietal regions, including lateral occipital cortex and superior parietal lobule when ignoring fearful versus neutral faces. Response times to these trial conditions also correlated negatively with activation in IFG/MFG and lateral occipital cortex suggesting these regions are recruited in order to effectively ignore emotional distractors. Groups did not differ when ignoring sad versus neutral faces or fearful versus sad faces. Conclusions Adolescents with MDD recruit both cognitive control and visual attention regions to a greater degree than do CTL adolescents, reflecting greater cognitive demand when downregulating threat-related stimuli.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Hyperactivation in Cognitive Control and Visual Attention Brain Regions During Emotional Interference in Adolescent Depression

Colich

Foland‐Ross

et al. 2017

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

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“…39 Finally, the effects of long-term use of these medications on the developing brain are unknown. 40 These concerns are even more justifiable in the context of addiction, in which few medications are formally approved for use and the effect size is small. 41 Two studies included in this review addressed adolescents, both in the treatment of cannabis dependence, suggesting positive results regarding self-reported craving and negative urine tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of addictions

Asevedo

Mendes

Berk

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objective: To conduct the first systematic literature review of clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for the treatment of substance abuse disorders and addictive behaviors. Methods: A search of the MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO databases was conducted. The inclusion criteria for the review were clinical trials that used NAC in the treatment of a disorder related to substance use and/or addictive behaviors, limited to texts in English, Spanish, or French. The selected studies were evaluated with respect to type of trial, sample size, diagnostic input, intervention, length of follow-up, outcome variables, and results. Results: Nine studies analyzing a total of 165 patients met the eligibility criteria and were included in qualitative analysis. These studies evaluated the role of NAC in cocaine dependence (three studies), cannabis dependence (two studies), nicotine dependence (two studies), methamphetamine addiction (one study), and pathological gambling (one study). Five of these trials were double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled. Conclusions:The studies analyzed suggest a potential role for NAC in the treatment of addiction, especially of cocaine and cannabis dependence. These results are concordant with the hypothesis of the involvement of glutamatergic pathways in the pathophysiology of addiction.

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“…Limited studies with multiple patient groups have shown findings to be specific to BD, and not simply a marker of psychopathology(Passarotti et al, 2010b; Thomas et al, 2012). While medications seem to have a normalizing effect (reducing differences between activation in youth with BD versus healthy controls), few studies compare medicated and non-medicated youth(Hafeman et al, 2012; Singh & Chang, 2012). …”

Section: Objectives Of the Study And Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal deactivation of the inferior frontal gyrus during implicit emotion processing in youth with bipolar disorder: Attenuated by medication

Hafeman¹,

Bebko²,

Bertocci³

et al. 2014

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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Previous neuroimaging studies of youth with bipolar disorder(BD) have identified abnormalities in emotion regulation circuitry. Using data from the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms Cohort (a clinical sample recruited for behavioral and emotional dysregulation), we examined the impact of BD and medication on activation in these regions. Functional neuroimaging data were obtained from 15 youth with BD who currently were unmedicated with a mood stabilizer or antipsychotic (U-BD), 19 youth with medicated BD (M-BD), a non-bipolar clinical sample with high rates of disruptive behavioral disorders (non-BD, n=59), and 29 healthy controls (HC) while they were shown task-irrelevant morphing emotional faces and shapes. Whole brain analysis was used to identify clusters that showed differential activation to emotion vs. shapes across group. To assess pair-wise comparisons and potential confounders, mean activation data were extracted only from clusters within regions previously implicated in emotion regulation (including amygdala and ventral prefrontal regions). A cluster in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) showed group differences to emotion vs. shapes (159 voxels, corrected p<.05). Within this cluster, U-BD youth showed decreased activation relative to HC (p=.007) and non-BD (p=.004) youth. M-BD also showed decreased activation in this cluster relative to HC and non-BD youth, but these differences were attenuated. Results were specific to negative emotions, and not found with happy faces. IFG findings were not explained by other medications (e.g. stimulants) or diagnoses. Compared to both HC and a non-BD sample, U-BD is associated with abnormally decreased right IFG activation to negative emotions.

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The Neural Effects of Psychotropic Medications in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 31 publications

References 76 publications

Hyperactivation in Cognitive Control and Visual Attention Brain Regions During Emotional Interference in Adolescent Depression

Hyperactivation in Cognitive Control and Visual Attention Brain Regions During Emotional Interference in Adolescent Depression

Systematic review of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of addictions

Abnormal deactivation of the inferior frontal gyrus during implicit emotion processing in youth with bipolar disorder: Attenuated by medication

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