The neural correlates of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Fiske, Abigail; Klerk, Carina de; Lui, Katie Y.K.; Collins-Jones, Liam; Hendry, Alexandra; Greenhalgh, Isobel; Hall, Anna H.; Scerif, Gaia; Dvergsdal, Henrik; Holmboe, Karla

doi:10.31234/osf.io/r8m9b

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…We do however acknowledge that the current report presents no evidence for test-retest reliability in the classical sense of establishing that performance is stable across a short period of time, typically 1–2 weeks. ECITT accuracy test-retest reliability has been assessed in infants, and was found to be significant but modest [ 71 , 72 ]. We expect test-retest reliability to be higher in toddlers where data is generally less noisy, but no data is presently available on short-term test-retest reliability in this age group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study also indicated that, by 16 months of age, performance on the ECITT correlates significantly with performance on the A-not-B task [ 71 ]. In a separate sample of 135 infants, we used the ECITT in combination with functional near-infrared spectroscopy and found evidence that, already at 10 months, infants activate classic response inhibition areas of the brain while performing the task [ 72 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The early childhood inhibitory touchscreen task: A new measure of response inhibition in toddlerhood and across the lifespan

et al. 2021

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Research into the earliest development of inhibitory control is limited by a lack of suitable tasks. In particular, commonly used inhibitory control tasks frequently have too high language and working memory demands for children under 3 years of age. Furthermore, researchers currently tend to shift to a new set of inhibitory control tasks between infancy, toddlerhood, and early childhood, raising doubts about whether the same function is being measured. Tasks that are structurally equivalent across age could potentially help resolve this issue. In the current report, a new response inhibition task, the Early Childhood Inhibitory Touchscreen Task (ECITT), was developed. This task can be minimally modified to suit different ages, whilst remaining structurally equivalent. In the new task, participants have to overcome a tendency to respond to a frequently rewarded location on a touchscreen and instead make an alternative response. The ECITT was validated in three independent studies (with additional data, N = 166, reported in Supporting Information). In Study 1 (N = 81), cross-sectional data indicated that inhibitory performance on the task improved significantly between 24 and 30 months of age. In Study 2 (N = 38), longitudinal data indicated steady improvement in inhibitory control between 18, 21 and 24 months, with significant stability in individual performance differences between each consecutive age in terms of accuracy (but not in terms of reaction time). Finally, in Study 3 (N = 64), inhibitory performance on a faster-paced version of the same task showed a similar developmental course across the lifespan (4–84 years) to other response inhibition tasks and was significantly correlated with Stop-signal performance. The ECITT extends the assessment of response inhibition earlier than previous tasks–into early toddlerhood. Because the task is simple and structurally equivalent across age, future longitudinal studies should benefit from using the ECITT to investigate the development of inhibitory control in a consistent manner across the toddler years and beyond.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The early childhood inhibitory touchscreen task: A new measure of response inhibition in toddlerhood and across the lifespan

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, future research may follow up on whether social contents that are not specifically emotional can also facilitate conflict processing. In this context, it would further be interesting to know whether the effect is observable already in children younger than 3 years of age, as precursory skills of attentional control have been shown to develop already in infancy (Fiske et al., 2021; Fiske & Holmboe, 2019). Notably, however, in view of the relatively high exclusion rate in young preschool children with the current task (see Section 2.4 and Table S1), a new task would need to be developed to test younger children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive emotion enhances conflict processing in preschoolers

Berger

Wiesmann

2021

Developmental Science

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The rapid detection and resolution of conflict between opposing action tendencies is crucial for our ability to engage in goal-directed behavior. Research in adults suggests that emotions might serve as a 'relevance detector' that alarms attentional and sensory systems, thereby leading to more efficient conflict processing. In contrast, previous research in children has almost exclusively stressed the impeding influence of emotion on the attentional system, as suggested by the protracted development of performance in 'hot' executive function tasks. How does emotion modulate conflict processing in development? We addressed this question applying a modified version of a color flanker task that either involved or did not involve emotional stimuli in preschool children (N = 43, with preregistered Bayesian sequential design, aged 2.8 -7.0 years). Our results show a robust conflict effect with higher error rates in incongruent compared to congruent trials. Crucially, conflict resolution was faster in emotional compared to neutral conditions. Furthermore, while efficient conflict processing increases with age, we find evidence against an age-related change in the influence of emotion on conflict processing.Taken together, these findings provide first indication that emotion can trigger efficient control processes already from early on in life. In contrast to previous findings and theories in developmental psychology, this indicates that, depending on the role that emotion has in conflict processing, emotion may show a facilitative or impeding effect.

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“…Mid-infancy (nine to twelve months of age) is characterized by synaptogenesis in both primary and associative cortical regions, relative maturity of pyramidal neurons, disappearance of the subplate remnant, gradual delineation of cortical areas and the beginning of myelination of the cortical pathways (Kostovic, Sedmak and Judaš, 2019). is underlies the development of cognitive functions in interaction with the social environment and the rst appearance of advanced cognitive abilities associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Diamond, 1990(Diamond, , 1991Fiske and Holmboe, 2019;Fiske et al, 2021).…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain development and maturation in the context of learning

Cachia¹,

Ribeiro²,

Chiao³

et al. 2022

Reimagining Education: The International Science and Evidence Based Education Assessment

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T he goal of this chapter is to present and discuss the educational implications of basic and applied research on the mechanisms underlying brain development and learning. This chapter rst provides the basic principles of neuroscience for education, with a focus on the general principles of brain function and organization, standard brain imaging methods to investigate the learning and the developing brain, the neural processes involved in cognitive development and learning, and sex di erences and similarities in the brain and cognition. It then details with concrete examples how biological processes -including sleep, exercise, nutrition, trauma, poverty, deprivation, threat and academic stress -can in uence the brain and learning. The chapter concludes by outlining misconceptions about neuroscience, or 'neuromyths', and the importance for education of debunking them.

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The neural correlates of inhibitory control in 10-month-old infants: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Cited by 4 publications

References 72 publications

The early childhood inhibitory touchscreen task: A new measure of response inhibition in toddlerhood and across the lifespan

The early childhood inhibitory touchscreen task: A new measure of response inhibition in toddlerhood and across the lifespan

Positive emotion enhances conflict processing in preschoolers

Brain development and maturation in the context of learning

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