The Netherlands, cradle of apartheid?

Family ties? Afrikaner nationalism, pan-Netherlandic nationalism and neo-Calvinist “Christian nationalism”

“…After Britain conquered the Cape, Dutch historians such as JWG van Oordt urged an "Afrikaner" identity, including the "Cape Dutch" and the republics' "Boers". 23 The Anglo-Boer wars (1880-81, 1899-1902) aroused a Dutch sense of stamverwantschap (kinship), aided by the Reformed churches and Nederlandsch Zuid-Afrikaansche Vereeniging (Dutch-South African Union/ NZAV), founded in 1881. 24 In both wars Abraham Kuyper championed the Boers, whose struggle recalled that against Spain; Dutch Queen Wilhelmina had a warship evacuate Transvaal president Paul Kruger.…”

“…Afrikaners shared Dutch Calvinists' Bible and Psalm edition, 60 but not necessarily the "orthodoxy," still less the "neo-Calvinist" "Christian nationalism" of Abraham Kuyper, theologian and prime minister (1901-05), who saw Calvinism as the basis of the Dutch nation's character. 61 He rejected liberal Protestants' accommodating the secular state, but as God's "general grace" allowed engaging with a sinful world, he built up his orthodox Calvinist ARP which, along with parallel confessional bodies in spheres such as education, he regarded as key to returning the Dutch to their former greatness. 62 The first native-born Afrikaner clergy studying at Dutch universities, JJ Kotze and TF Burgers, adopted liberal, not orthodox Calvinist theology, which survived in the "mother" Afrikaans Reformed church, the Cape Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk (NGK), largely due to Scottish Presbyterian clergy imported by the British authorities and Afrikaners studying at Scottish universities.…”

“…162 Schutte cites 1980s Conservative Party leader Andries Treurnicht to show that Afrikaner nationalists embedded "Kuyperian" ideas such as "sovereignty of spheres" in a volks-nationalist system, with volk the determining sphere, whereas Kuyper's ARP segregated itself from other Dutch with differing religious views. 163 Afrikaner "Christian nationalism" was now more volks-nationalist than anything recognizably neo-Calvinist.…”

‘The Weakness of Some’: The Dutch Reformed Church and White Supremacy

“…Among South African Kuyperians there was a strong tendency to speak of the volk or nation as one of the "creation ordinances" but Kuyper had never done so. And as Schutte (1987) remarked, Kuyper was above all concerned with the self-isolation of a religious group on the basis of specific world-view and distinctive beliefs. Afrikaner nationalists, by contrast, sought the mobilisation on an ethnic basis.…”

Educational Pluralism - a historical study of so-called 'pillarization' in the Netherlands, including a comparison with some developments in South African education

“…C onsequently, educational developm ents on both sides of the equator began to diverge considerably during the 20th century (cf. Schutte, 1987). In the Netherlands, a system cam e into being in which the state started to ® nance fully private denom inational schools and place all schools on an equal footing.…”