The Net is many people's only chance of access

Abstract

believe that printed issues, or at least tolls in the form of subscriptions and site licences, will continue indefinitely. ESA began selling immediate free web access in January 2000. During the first two months of the service, authors bought it for 13% of articles, rising steadily to 59% during March and April 2001. The price for the service is currently 75% of the price of 100 paper reprints, for example $90 for a 7-page article. This price provides a greater profit margin than for paper reprints, which are expensive to produce and deliver. Immediate free web access requires only that the PDF file of the article is made freely accessible on ESA's web server. If immediate free access is a profitmaking service that many authors want and will pay for, why is ESA apparently the only publisher that sells it? For scientific societies, the answer is probably that their institutional inertia is great and their members have yet to lobby for it-as ESA members did. Commercial publishers may fear that selling immediate free access to those who want it may lead to all authors buying it, in which case revenues from subscriptions and site licences might cease. On the other hand, societies have supplemented modest incomes from lower-priced library subscriptions with member dues and page charges. Without journal subscriptions, societies and commercial publishers will collect page charges to pay for refereeing, editing and composing. Publishers will pay nothing to make the articles freely web accessible, because research libraries and PubMed Central will post them without charge. Authors should encourage publishers to provide immediate free access at a fair price. Other things being equal, many will prefer to publish in journals that provide it, especially as electronic literature indexes begin linking directly to the e-versions of articles. Most authors would like nothing better than for their articles to be available in full text, without tolls, via links in widely used literature indexes.

Could Machine Learning Break the Convection Parameterization Deadlock?

“…Indeed, machine-learning algorithms have been used in many applications where a clear physically based algorithm could not be defined. Applications have included self-driving cars, society games (chess and go; Silver et al, 2016), speech recognition (Hinton et al, 2012), object recognition and detection, medical detection of cancers (Karabatak & Ince, 2009;Khan et al, 2001;Zhou et al, 2002), and genomics. There are also applications of ANNs to the geosciences, such as for rainfall prediction (Miao et al, 2015;Moazami et al, 2013;Tao et al, 2016), weather forecast, soil moisture (Kolassa et al, 2013(Kolassa et al, , 2016Kolassa, Gentine, et al, 2017;Kolassa, Reichle, & Draper, 2017), and surface turbulent flux retrievals (Alemohammad et al, 2017;Jimenez et al, 2009;Jung et al, 2011).…”

Historical Development of the Journal Impact Factor and its Relevance for Occupational Health

“…Secondly, free access helps address an important equity issue for countries that cannot afford expensive journal subscriptions, but would nevertheless benefit from the information they contain. For developing countries in particular, the internet provides many scientists' only chance of accessing literature that would otherwise be too expensive to purchase 92) . Even so, free access is not always a panacea, as technical access to scientific information remains a serious problem for scholars in developing countries such as Africa, due to computer scarcity, limited bandwidth and difficulty in accessing the internet 93) .…”