The nerves to the plantaris muscle and a bipennate part of the soleus muscle

Okamoto, Keishi; Wakebe, Tetsuaki; Saiki, Kazunobu; Tsurumoto, Toshiyuki

doi:10.1007/s12565-012-0153-y

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…More interestingly, researchers focused on PM innervations in contrast to anatomists who showed that this relationship seems to be much more complicated and reconsideration may be needed [21]. The nerve trunks to the PM arose from the nerve group of the deep posterior crural muscles rather than from the nerve groups of the superficial crural muscles and thus PM may be derived from anlage of the deep posterior crural muscles [21]. That clearly indicates that the perception of PM has changed over decades and our paper reveals how much we still do not know and how much could be discovered in future research about the structure that may be involved in the remodeling process instead of devolution as it was previously thought.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays PM is considered by anatomists and embryologists a derivative of a deeper portion of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and is often called "gastrocnemius tertius", which represents the third head of gastrocnemius due to its origin, which is often connected to the lateral head of gastrocnemius [20]. More interestingly, researchers focused on PM innervations in contrast to anatomists who showed that this relationship seems to be much more complicated and reconsideration may be needed [21]. The nerve trunks to the PM arose from the nerve group of the deep posterior crural muscles rather than from the nerve groups of the superficial crural muscles and thus PM may be derived from anlage of the deep posterior crural muscles [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

et al. 2020

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Purpose Seemingly a well-known, weak, and vestigial plantaris muscle should not be a revelation. However, recent studies have shown that this structure is incredibly underestimated and perceived only as an infirm flexor of the talocrural joint, the knee joint or a great source of graft tissue. Usually, the origin of this inconspicuous muscle begins at the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the knee joint capsule. It continues distally, forming a long and slender tendon. In most cases, it inserts onto the calcaneal tuberosity on the medial side of the Achilles tendon. However, many morphological variations have been discovered during anatomical dissections and surgical procedures. Nevertheless, according to the present literature, no other studies presented such a complex insertion variant, with indisputable clinical value and significant proof of development of this forgotten muscle. Methods The dissection of the right thigh, knee, crural and talocrural region was performed using standard techniques according to a strictly specified protocol. Results Four different insertion points were observed. The first band (A) inserted near to the tarsal canal flexor retinaculum. The second band (B) bifurcates into two branches-B1 and B2. B1 is located on the medial side and B2 is located on the lateral side of the calcaneal tuberosity. The third band (C) is inserted into the superior nonarticular calcaneal surface of the calcaneus anteriorly to the Achilles tendon. Conclusion A differently shaped plantaris tendon could be considered a cause of harvesting procedure failure. In the light of new case reports perhaps what we are now witnessing is remodeling and transformation of the Plantaris muscle. If so, the awareness of the influence on the onset of Achilles midportion tendinopathy or a potential role in tibialis posterior conflict can be crucial for every clinician.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

et al. 2020

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“…The separated muscle mass is then further subdivided to form individual muscles, and since there is specificity between the nerves and muscles [11], information about innervation is essential to establish the identity of the muscle. In fact, descriptions of anatomical muscle morphology based on this innervation have been accumulated in eutherians [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], and inter-species comparisons have been performed (e.g. Emura [25]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gross anatomy of the gluteal and posterior thigh muscles in koalas based on their innervations

Tojima

Anetai²,

Koike³

et al. 2022

PLoS ONE

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Morphological and functional comparison of convergently-evolved traits in marsupials and eutherians is an important aspect of studying adaptive divergence in mammals. However, the anatomy of marsupials has been particularly difficult to evaluate for multiple reasons. First, previous studies on marsupial anatomy are often uniformly old and non-exhaustive. Second, muscle identification was historically based on muscle attachment sites, but attachment sites have since been declared insufficient for muscle identification due to extensive interspecific variation. For example, different names have been used for muscles that are now thought to be equivalent among several different species, which causes confusion. Therefore, descriptions of marsupial muscles have been inconsistent among previous studies, and their anatomical knowledge itself needs updating. In this study, the koala was selected as the representative marsupial, in part because koala locomotion may comprise primate (eutherian)-like and marsupial-like mechanics, making it an interesting phylogenetic group for studying adaptive divergence in mammals. Gross dissection of the lower limb muscles (the gluteal and the posterior thigh regions) was performed to permit precise muscle identification. We first resolved discrepancies among previous studies by identifying muscles according to their innervation; this recent, more reliable technique is based on the ontogenetic origin of the muscle, and it allows for comparison with other taxa (i.e., eutherians). We compared our findings with those of other marsupials and arboreal primates and identified traits common to both arboreal primates and marsupials as well as muscle morphological features unique to koalas.

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“…Remained phylogenetical question is whether the derivation of the anterior and posterior parts of the human soleus is the same or not. Some reports suggested that the bipennate anterior and major posterior parts of the human soleus have distinct origins (Bardeen, 1906; Okamoto et al, 2013), others suggested that these two parts of the muscle derive from a single origin (Jager & Moll, 1951; Sekiya, 1991). When discussing the homology and developmental derivation of muscles among primates, an important criterion to consider is the comparison of innervation patterns (Arakawa et al, 2005; Emura et al, 2020; Homma & Sakai, 1991; Koizumi & Sakai, 1995; Kudoh & Sakai, 2007; Okamoto et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the soleus and plantaris muscles in humans and other primates: Macroscopic neuromuscular anatomy and evolutionary significance

Sakuraya

Sekiya

Emura

et al. 2022

The Anatomical Record

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In humans, the soleus is more developed compared to other primates and has a unique architecture composed of anterior bipennate and posterior unipennate parts, which are innervated by different nerve branches. The anterior part of the human soleus was proposed to be important for bipedalism, however, the phylogenetic process resulting in its acquisition remains unclear.Providing insights into this process, the anterior part of the soleus was suggested to be closely related to the plantaris based on the branching pattern of their nerve fascicles. To reveal the phylogeny of the soleus and plantaris in primates, the innervation patterns of the posterior crural muscles were compared among a wide range of species. From their branching pattern, posterior crural muscles could be classified into superficial and deep muscle groups. The anterior part of the soleus and plantaris both belonged to the deep muscle group. In all the examined specimens of ring-tailed lemurs and chimpanzees, as well as in one out of two specimens of siamang, the nerve branches corresponding to those innervating the anterior part of the human soleus were found. The muscular branches innervating the anterior part of the soleus and plantaris formed a common trunk or were connected in all the specimens.These results indicate that the anterior part of the soleus is closely related to the plantaris across different species of primates. In turn, this suggests that the anterior part of the soleus is maintained among primates, and especially in humans, where it develops as the characteristic bipennate structure.

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The nerves to the plantaris muscle and a bipennate part of the soleus muscle

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

Possible effect of morphological variations of plantaris muscle tendon on harvesting at reconstruction surgery-case report

Gross anatomy of the gluteal and posterior thigh muscles in koalas based on their innervations

Comparison of the soleus and plantaris muscles in humans and other primates: Macroscopic neuromuscular anatomy and evolutionary significance

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