The Nernst equation: using physico-chemical laws to steer novel experimental design

Hopper, Amy; Beswick‐Jones, Hana; Brown, Angus M.

doi:10.1152/advan.00191.2021

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…(4) Sequential action potentials produced the depolarisation of the glial cell membrane of decreasing amplitude ( Figure 2 ), as expected from the logarithmic relationship between [K + ] o and membrane potential, (5) and when the membrane potential reaches 0 mV, [K + ] o must equal [K + ] i and this occurred when [K + ] o was increased to 99 mM; thus, [K + ] i was assumed to equal 99 mM. This demonstrated the utility using the Nernst equation as a tool in devising experimental design [ 28 ], the power of such an approach obvious when one considers estimates of [K + ] i could be accurately made many years before [K + ] i could be directly measured experimentally.…”

Section: Selective K + Permeability Of Glial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Activity-Dependent Fluctuations in Interstitial [K+]: Investigations Using Ion-Sensitive Microelectrodes

2023

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In the course of action potential firing, all axons and neurons release K+ from the intra- cellular compartment into the interstitial space to counteract the depolarizing effect of Na+ influx, which restores the resting membrane potential. This efflux of K+ from axons results in K+ accumulation in the interstitial space, causing depolarization of the K+ reversal potential (EK), which can prevent subsequent action potentials. To ensure optimal neuronal function, the K+ is buffered by astrocytes, an energy-dependent process, which acts as a sink for interstitial K+, absorbing it at regions of high concentration and distributing it through the syncytium for release in distant regions. Pathological processes in which energy production is compromised, such as anoxia, ischemia, epilepsy and spreading depression, can lead to excessive interstitial K+ accumulation, disrupting sensitive trans-membrane ion gradients and attenuating neuronal activity. The changes that occur in interstitial [K+] resulting from both physiological and pathological processes can be monitored accurately in real time using K+-sensitive microelectrodes, an invaluable tool in electrophysiological studies.

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Section: Selective K + Permeability Of Glial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Activity-Dependent Fluctuations in Interstitial [K+]: Investigations Using Ion-Sensitive Microelectrodes

2023

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“…Finally, the sensor electrode lifetime is investigated by utilizing the same calibration measurement behaviour over a buffer of pH 3.0–10 for several weeks. The calibration curves for the sensor are based on the Nernst Equations (1) and (2), where n represents oxidation electrons, Q represents H + ions concentrations, T represents temperature in kelvin, R represents a universal gas constant, and F represents the Faraday constant, with RT / F = 0.0591 at 25 °C [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance pH Sensor Electrodes Based on a Hexagonal Pt Nanoparticle Array-Coated Nanoporous Alumina Membrane

et al. 2022

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Porous anodic alumina membranes coated with Pt nanoparticles (PAAM/Pt) have been employed as pH sensor electrodes for H+ ion detection. The PAAM was designed using a two-step anodization process. Pt nanoparticles were then sputtered onto the membrane at different deposition times. The membrane’s morphological, chemical, and optical characteristics were carefully assessed following the fabrication stage using a variety of analytical techniques. The potential of the PAAM/Pt sensor electrode was investigated by measuring the potential using a simple potentiometric method. The effects of depositing Pt nanoparticles for 3–7 min on sensor electrode sensitivity were examined. The optimal potentiometric Nernstian response slope for the PAAM/Pt sensor electrode with 5 min Pt sputter coating is 56.31 mV/decade in the pH range of 3.0 to 10 at 293 K. Additionally, the PAAM/Pt sensor electrode’s stability and selectivity in various ions solutions were examined. The sensor electrode had a lifetime of more than six weeks and was kept in a normal air environment.

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“…The excited electrons on the ZnO/ZnAl 2 O 4 surfaces are transferred to the surface of Au NPs, which act as current collectors and contribute to the reduction in the charge recombination rate. The sensor's calibration curves were based on the Nernst Equation ( 4), where RT/F = 0.05916, E° is the standard electrode potential at 25 °C, T is the temperature in kelvin, R is a universal gas constant, and F is the Faraday constant [54][55][56].…”

Section: Mb and Mo Dye Removal Using Zno/znal 2 O 4 /Aumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of the detection limit was obtained by extrapolating the data line until the intercept with the pHaxis [57,58]. The sensor's calibration curves were based on the Nernst Equation ( 4), where RT/F = 0.05916, E • is the standard electrode potential at 25 • C, T is the temperature in kelvin, R is a universal gas constant, and F is the Faraday constant [54][55][56].…”

Section: Mb and Mo Dye Removal Using Zno/znal 2 O 4 /Aumentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au Nanoarrays through DC Electrodeposition Utilizing Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Membranes for Environmental Application

Shaban

2023

Nanomaterials

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In this study, anodic aluminum oxide membranes (AAOMs) and Au-coated AAOMs (AAOM/Au) with pore diameters of 55 nm and inter-pore spacing of 100 nm are used to develop ZnO/AAOM and ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au nanoarrays of different morphologies. The effects of the electrodeposition current, time, barrier layer, and Au coating on the morphology of the resultant nanostructures were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structural parameters and elemental composition of the ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au nanoarray, and the Kirkendall effect was confirmed. The developed ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au electrode was applied to remove organic dyes from aqueous solutions, including methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Using a 3 cm2 ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au sample, the 100% dye removal for 20 ppm MB and MO dyes at pH 7 and 25 °C was achieved after approximately 50 and 180 min, respectively. According to the kinetics analysis, the pseudo-second-order model controls the dye adsorption onto the sample surface. AAOM/Au and ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au nanoarrays are also used as pH sensor electrodes. The sensing capability of AAOM/Au showed Nernstian behavior with a sensitivity of 65.1 mV/pH (R2 = 0.99) in a wide pH range of 2–9 and a detection limit of pH 12.6, whereas the ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au electrode showed a slope of 40.1 ± 1.6 mV/pH (R2 = 0.996) in a pH range of 2–6. The electrode’s behavior was more consistent with non-Nernstian behavior over the whole pH range under investigation. The sensitivity equation was given by V(mV) = 482.6 + 372.6 e−0.2095 pH at 25 °C with R2 = 1.0, which could be explained in terms of changes in the surface charge during protonation and deprotonation.

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The Nernst equation: using physico-chemical laws to steer novel experimental design

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Activity-Dependent Fluctuations in Interstitial [K+]: Investigations Using Ion-Sensitive Microelectrodes

Activity-Dependent Fluctuations in Interstitial [K+]: Investigations Using Ion-Sensitive Microelectrodes

High-Performance pH Sensor Electrodes Based on a Hexagonal Pt Nanoparticle Array-Coated Nanoporous Alumina Membrane

Fabrication of ZnO/ZnAl2O4/Au Nanoarrays through DC Electrodeposition Utilizing Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Membranes for Environmental Application

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