The need for accurate estimation of sodium intake in nutritional studies

Khitan, Zeid; Pramod, Sheena; Ogu, Iheanyichukwu

doi:10.1111/jch.14242

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 7 publications

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“…25.28 The high salt intake observed in urban areas versus rural areas could be explained by the dietary transition which facilitates the accessibility to foods with a high sodium content. 29 , 30 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo

Kenao

Sossa

Paraiso

et al. 2023

J. Public Health Afr.

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Objectives. To assess urinary sodium/potassium intake and identify its links with global cardiovascular risk (RCVG) according to the WHOPEN approach to WHO/ISH (International High Blood Pressure Society). Methods. It was a cross-sectional and analytical study that took place from July 6, 2020, to September 17, 2021, in Togo, in the Aneho, Notse and Dapaong localities. It focused on 400 adults selected by sampling. The analysis of two urine samples was done. Cardiovascular risk scores were determined from specific graphs that take into account age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diabetes status and smoking behavior. Results. Among the 400 respondents, 49% lived in rural areas. The average age was 41 (30; 51) years. The average sodium and potassium intakes were respectively 3.2 g (1.04-5.99) or 7.95 g of salt and 1.4 g (1.89-5.62) per day. The risk of excessive sodium intake was 2.39 times higher in urban areas than in rural ones (p=0.049). Residing in rural areas was associated with high potassium intakes compared to urban ones (OR=3,2 IC [1.89-5.62]). Thirteen percent (13%) of respondents were likely to develop at least a deadly or non-deadly cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years ‘time, of whom 5% present a high risk. Excessive sodium intake increases by 2.10 times the risk of a deadly cardiovascular disease occurrence. Conclusions. Sodium intakes are high while potassium intakes are low with a subsequent global cardiovascular risk (GCVR) in the three cities. Sodium intakes were associated with VCVR. It is necessary to take steps to reduce excessive sodium intake and improve potassium intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo

Kenao

Sossa

Paraiso

et al. 2023

J. Public Health Afr.

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Reply to comment on: Urinary sodium excretion and its association with blood pressure in Nigeria: A nationwide population survey

Odili

Chori

2021

J of Clinical Hypertension

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We thank Khitan and colleagues 1 for their comments on our recent article. 2 We discussed some of the issues raised in the limitations section of the article; however, we wish to offer further explanations. Khitan and colleagues were concerned about the interpretation of our findings in terms of reverse causality. We think that this is outside the scope of the research. The cross-sectional design of our study was not intended to explore the causal link between sodium and hypertension since temporality of association is a strong criterion for causality.Cross-sectional studies at best will generate hypothesis which should be tested further using appropriate study designs. We however agree with the assertion that salt intake may be affected by several factors including medical conditions such as hypertension and heart failure.We made effort to adjust for the pre-existing medical conditions. We achieved this by enquiring from patients if they were on antihypertensive medications or had previously been advised by any health professional to reduce salt intake on account of one cardiovascular disease or the other. Despite adjusting for these factors (use of antihypertensive drug and reduction in salt intake), the association of salt intake with blood pressure remained weak and non-significant.Judging from the median urinary creatinine value we reported, they

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The need for accurate estimation of sodium intake in nutritional studies

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo

Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo

Reply to comment on: Urinary sodium excretion and its association with blood pressure in Nigeria: A nationwide population survey

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