The Necessity and Feasibility of Hydrogen Storage for Large-Scale, Long-Term Energy Storage in the New Power System in China

Yan, Haowen; Zhang, Wenda; Kang, Jiandong; Yuan, Tao

doi:10.3390/en16134837

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…In the design process, the heat transfer fluid velocity lies in the range of 1~2.5 m/s [11]. The total thermal resistance includes the thermal resistance of the hydrogen storage alloy, the thermal resistance of the tube wall, and that for convective heat transfer.…”

Section: Determining Heat Transfer Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Common techniques for this purpose include solid-state hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, and high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage. High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage and low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage are difficult to apply on a large scale due to the constraints of high cost and low safety [9][10][11][12][13][14]. On the other hand, solid-state hydrogen storage using metal hydrides has the advantages of high energy density, small volume, and safe and stable compounds generated, and is thought of as one of the promising technologies of the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast Design and Numerical Simulation of a Metal Hydride Reactor Embedded in a Conventional Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

Ran,

Wang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Energies

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The purpose of this work is to present a convenient design approach for metal hydride reactors that meet the specific requirements for hydrogen storage. Three methods from the literature, the time scale, the acceptable envelope, and the reaction front, are used to estimate the maximum thickness of the bed allowing for sufficient heat transfer. Further heat transfer calculations are performed within the framework of standardized heat exchanger via the homemade design software, to generate the complete geometry and dimensions of the reactor. LaNi5 material packed in tubular units based on conventional shell-and-tube heat exchanger is selected for analysis for an expected charging time of 500 s, 1000 s, and 1500 s. Apparently, the smaller the expected charging time, the smaller the bed thickness and hence the diameter of the tubular units. After comparison, the method of reaction front was adopted to output standard tube diameters and calculate the weight of the reactor. Significant weight differences were found to result from the varying wall thickness and number of tubes. In general, the shorter the expected charging time, the more tubular units with a small diameter will be built and the heavier the reactor. Fluent 2022 R2 was used to solve the reactor model with a tube diameter of 50 mm supposed to fulfill a charging time of 1500 s. The simulation results revealed that the reaction fraction reaches its maximum and the hydrogen storage process is completed at 500 s. However, because the calculation is conducted on meeting the heat exchange requirements, the average temperature of the bed layer is close to the initial temperature of 290 K and stops changing at 1500 s. The applicability of the method to the design of metal hydride reactors is thus confirmed by the temperature and reaction fraction judgment criteria.

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Section: Determining Heat Transfer Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast Design and Numerical Simulation of a Metal Hydride Reactor Embedded in a Conventional Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

Ran,

Wang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…In addition, the FR capacity replaces the standby capacity for the FR, and standby prices are equal [19]. Equations ( 6)- (10) represent the thermal unit output, upper and lower FR, and up and down reserve capacity plan constraints. The climbing constraints for the thermal units are represented by Equations ( 11) and (12).…”

Section: Multitype User Demand Decision-making Based On the Nash Gamementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ref. [10] explored the role of a long-term ESS in supporting the reliable operation of an RES and compared the operational characteristics of multiple ESSs. The necessity, feasibility, and economics of an HSS participating in the long-term scale under the operation of the RES have been studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Transaction Model and Profit Allocation Method of Multiple Energy Storage Oriented to Versatile Regulation Demand

Zhi,

Xue,

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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This study proposes a day-ahead transaction model that combines multiple energy storage systems (ESS), including a hydrogen storage system (HSS), battery energy storage system (BESS), and compressed air energy storage (CAES). It is catering to the trend of a diversified power market to respond to the constraints from the insufficient flexibility of a high-proportion renewable energy system (RES). The model is a double-layer game based on the Nash–Stackelberg–cooperative (N–S–C) game. Multiple users in the upper layer form the Nash game with the goal of maximizing their own benefits, while the multiple ESSs in the lower layer form a cooperative game with the goal of maximizing the overall benefits; the two layers form a Stackelberg game. Moreover, an allocation mechanism is proposed to balance the overall and individual rationality and promote the sustainable development of multiple ESSs, considering the operational characteristics. A numerical simulation is carried out using the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed model, which is based on data from the renewable energy gathering area in northwest China. The results show that this strategy shortens the energy storage payback period and improves the energy storage utilization. The simulation results indicate that small-scale energy storage with a rated power of less than 18 MWh does not have a price advantage, indicating the need to improve the configuration capacity of energy storage in the future from decentralized energy storage to independent/shared energy storage.

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“…By shifting one's attention to the big international picture, one can observe that the increasing penetration of wind farms and photovoltaic parks in modern electricity grids results in stochastic electricity production with frequent peaks, which disturb the grid's operation and result in the dumping of large amounts of renewable energy. In an extensive study on the new power system paradigm of China, Yan et al [10] conducted power supply and demand production simulations based on the characteristics of new energy generation in China. They found that when the penetration of new energy sources in the system exceeds 45%, long-term energy storage becomes an essential regulation tool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

Stamatellos,

Stamatellou

2024

Energies

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The establishment of near-autonomous micro-grids in commercial or public building complexes is gaining increasing popularity. Short-term storage capacity is provided by means of large battery installations, or, more often, by the employees’ increasing use of electric vehicle batteries, which are allowed to operate in bi-directional charging mode. In addition to the above short-term storage means, a long-term storage medium is considered essential to the optimal operation of the building’s micro-grid. The most promising long-term energy storage carrier is hydrogen, which is produced by standard electrolyzer units by exploiting the surplus electricity produced by photovoltaic installation, due to the seasonal or weekly variation in a building’s electricity consumption. To this end, a novel concept is studied in this paper. The details of the proposed concept are described in the context of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) and the associated micro-grid. The hydrogen produced is stored in a high-pressure tank to be used occasionally as fuel in an advanced technology hydrogen spark ignition engine, which moves a synchronous generator. A size optimization study is carried out to determine the genset’s rating, the electrolyzer units’ capacity and the tilt angle of the rooftop’s photovoltaic panels, which minimize the building’s interaction with the external grid. The hydrogen-fueled genset engine is optimally sized to 40 kW (0.18 kW/kWp PV). The optimal tilt angle of the rooftop PV panels is 39°. The maximum capacity of the electrolyzer units is optimized to 72 kW (0.33 kWmax/kWp PV). The resulting system is tacitly assumed to integrate to an external hydrogen network to make up for the expected mismatches between hydrogen production and consumption. The significance of technology in addressing the current challenges in the field of energy storage and micro-grid optimization is discussed, with an emphasis on its potential benefits. Moreover, areas for further research are highlighted, aiming to further advance sustainable energy solutions.

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The Necessity and Feasibility of Hydrogen Storage for Large-Scale, Long-Term Energy Storage in the New Power System in China

Cited by 18 publications

References 78 publications

Fast Design and Numerical Simulation of a Metal Hydride Reactor Embedded in a Conventional Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

Fast Design and Numerical Simulation of a Metal Hydride Reactor Embedded in a Conventional Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger

A Transaction Model and Profit Allocation Method of Multiple Energy Storage Oriented to Versatile Regulation Demand

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

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