The nature of the operator's response in manual control, and its implications for controller design

Tustin, A.

doi:10.1049/ji-1.1947.0155

Cited by 46 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…The earliest study of the human operator as a linear servomechanism is that of Tustin (1947) who proposed that, despite amplitude nonlinearities, temporal discontinuities and haphazard fluctuations, there might be an "appropriate linear law" that would describe the main part of the operator's behaviour. Since that time, there have been many studies, including those of Russell (1951), Krendel (1951Krendel ( , 1952, Elkind (1956) and McRuer and Krendel (1959).…”

Section: Results Of Linear Model Studies Of the Human Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear and nonlinear models of the human controller

Gaines

1969

International Journal of Man-Machine Studies

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This paper presents a review of recent studies of the human controller both in psychology and in control engineering. Theoretical and technological problems in the study of skilled behaviour are first discussed, and the desirable constraints upon any "model" are outlined. The foundations of linear continuous modelling of the human controller and experimental data on the validity and utility of linear models are then reviewed. The evidence for nonlinear and discontinuous behaviour in the human controller is then outlined, and studies of non-linear models based on modern optimal and sampled-data control theory are then presented. The Study of Perceptual-motor SkillsAlthough human cognitive skills and verbal behaviour are generally assumed to involve higher level processes and to be more complex than human perceptual-motor behaviour (for example, Bartlett (1958) has suggested that the analysis of human problem-solving behaviour is simplified by regarding it as a "high-level skill"), in practice a far greater effort has been applied to the study of the cognitive skills involved in learning and remembering verbal material, and in problem-solving, than to the perceptual-motor skills involved in such tasks as flying, driving and typing. Part of this emphasis stems from the philosophical origins of psychology and the associated emphasis on studies of human conscious thought processes; but the continued relative neglect of perceptual-motor skills must have a more fundamental cause, since it would seem reasonable for a logical development of experimental psychology to treat the problems of perceptual-motor co-ordination involved in driving and flying, before investigating the far more complex problems of verbal behaviour and problem-solving.There are two main reasons for this disparity in the amount of effort expended on studies of human cognitive skills on the one hand, and perceptual-motor skills on the other. First, perceptual-motor skills cannot generally be verbalized and introspective analysis is misleading, if not impossible. Although, in modern experimental psychology, introspection is discounted as a source of information about human behaviour, in practice it is an important source of hypotheses and experimental designs, even if reference to it is carefully eradicated from published results. Although there is considerable coupling between verbal instructions and the learning, and performance, of perceptual-motor skills, this is not so strong as in cognitive skills more closely related to the use of language, and the lack of verbalization deprives the worker on perceptualmotor skills of two major sources of information-his own experience, and the introspective analysis of others.The second reason for a disparity of effort and achievement between studies of cognitive skills and perceptual-motor skills is, to a large extent, technological. Perceptual-motor skills are externally paced and the operator is essentially on-line, with the detailed time-patterns of his visual inputs and manual outputs being a major aspect ...

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Section: Results Of Linear Model Studies Of the Human Controllermentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear and nonlinear models of the human controller

Gaines

1969

International Journal of Man-Machine Studies

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“…Using ξ computed by (5), the posture of the CG-pendulum was drawn using the Direct-3D library, and the motion picture was displayed via a projector. In the experiment, the parameters of the pendulum were chosen as m c = m p = 1. and c c = 0.0275 Ns/m so as to simulate a light pendulum.…”

Section: Virtual Pendulummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding basic models, a linear servo control model [5], a PID-based time-variant model having randomness [6], and an optimal control model [7] had been proposed. A crossover model that expresses human flexibility and wide-range adaptability is frequently utilized to tune a controller in a humanmachine system [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Control Law and Brain Activity of Voluntary Motion by Utilizing a Balancing Task with an Inverted Pendulum

Suzuki

Harashima

Furuta

2010

Advances in Human-Computer Interaction

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Human characteristics concerning voluntary motion control are investigated, because this motion is fundamental for the machine operation and human-computer system. Using a force feedback haptic device and a balancing task of a virtual inverted pendulum, participants were trained in the task, and hand motion/force was measured, and brain activity was monitored. First, through brain analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and motion analysis of the pendulum, we identified a participant who was the most expert. Next, control characteristics of the most expert were investigated by considering the operational force and delay factor of a human. As a result, it was found that predictive control based on velocity information was used predominantly although a perception feedback control against the pendulum posture worked. And it was shown that an on-off intermittency control, which was a strategy for the skilled balancing, can be described well by a liner model involving two types of time shifts for the position and velocity. In addition, it was confirmed that the cortex activity for observation in an ocular motor control area and visual processing area was strong to enhance above-mentioned control strategies.

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“…It has been shown that the human operator 1s able to use the statistical characteristics of the input signal and the dynamic characteristics of the other elements of the system to adjust (shape) his response [2][3][4][5][6][7] characteristics in order to match the behavior of the control situations [16][17][41][42][43][44].…”

Section: Controlled Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%