THE NATURE OF SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION IN THE SALT MARSH GRASS <i>DISTICHLIS SPICATA</i>

Amen, Ralph D.; Carter, George E.; Kelly, Richard

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1970.tb02480.x

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Hand nicking resulted in a high germination percentage; however, it is a tedious task, not applicable to field establishment. The dormancy and germination behavior of inland saltgrass appears to be similar to that reported for coastal saltgrass by Amen et al (1970)…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Harrington (2000), using 4‐ to 5‐yr‐old seeds, found that hand nicking that broke the seed coat without injuring the embryo could induce germination to over 90% when temperature was maintained between 25 and 35°C. Amen et al (1970) indicated that a month of after‐ripening at low temperature (4°C) and a month of cold stratification improved germination of coastal saltgrass [ Distichlis spicata var. spicata (L.) Greene].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Techniques for Enhancing Saltgrass Seed Germination and Establishment

et al. 2006

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Because of its exceptional salinity tolerance, inland saltgrass [Distichlis spicata var. stricta (L.) Greene] has great potential for use as a turfgrass and revegetation species of saline sites. However, saltgrass seeds have a low germination rate due to seed dormancy. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate different seed treatments to enhance germination and establishment of inland saltgrass. In Experiment I, seven different seed treatments were tested for their ability to enhance germination percentage in the growth chamber and compared with a control of no treatment. These treatments included treatments with hot water, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), bleach, machine scarification, stratification, and hand nicking. Results indicated that germination percentage was increased only by stratification, hand nicking, and machine scarification treatments as compared with the control. In Experiment II, machine scarification, stratification, hand nicking, and the control were tested in the growth chamber. Hand nicking, scarification, and stratification increased percentage germination from 13.0% to 54.0 to 61.7%. Stratification resulted in the fastest germination, followed by hand nicking and scarification. Experiment III was conducted in the field, and seed treatments included machine scarification, stratification, and the control. Two months after seeding, plots seeded with stratified and scarified saltgrass seeds established adequate plot coverage as a turf, whereas the coverage for the control was inadequate, exhibiting inferior turf quality. In summary, stratification and machine scarification improve germination and establishment of seeded saltgrass. Experiment I

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 76%

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confidence: 99%

Techniques for Enhancing Saltgrass Seed Germination and Establishment

et al. 2006

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“…Seeds were cold stratified at 6°C for 2–3 months depending on the timing of seed production. The seeds of each species were stratified according to their specific stratification requirements (Amen et al 1970; Kantrud 1996) (Table 1). Seedlings were identified, counted, and removed from plots three times throughout the spring germination season in February, March, and May 2005.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed Dispersal and Seedling Emergence in a Created and a Natural Salt Marsh on the Gulf of Mexico Coast in Southwest Louisiana, U.S.A.

Elsey‐Quirk

Middleton²

2009

Restoration Ecology

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Early regeneration dynamics related to seed dispersal and seedling emergence can contribute to differences in species composition among a created and a natural salt marsh. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether aquatic and aerial seed dispersal differed in low and high elevations within a created marsh and a natural marsh and (2) whether seedling emergence was influenced by marsh, the presence of openings in the vegetation, and seed availability along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. Aerial seed traps captured a greater quantity of seeds than aquatic traps. Several factors influenced aquatic and aerial seed dispersal in a created and a natural salt marsh, including distance from the marsh edge, cover of existing vegetation, and water depth. The natural marsh had a high seed density of Spartina alterniflora and Distichlis spicata, the low-elevation created marsh had a high seed density of S. alterniflora, and the highelevation created marsh had a high seed density of Aster subulatus and Iva frutescens. The presence of adult plants and water depth above the marsh surface influenced seed density. In the natural marsh, openings in vegetation increased seedling emergence for all species, whereas in the low-elevation created marsh, S. alterniflora had higher seedling density under a canopy of vegetation. According to the early regeneration dynamics, the future vegetation in areas of the low-elevation created marsh may become similar to that in the natural marsh. In the high-elevation created marsh, vegetation may be upland fringe habitat dominated by high-elevation marsh shrubs and annual herbaceous species.

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“…Buffalograss coverage during establishment is also enhanced by N rates of up to 147 kg ha −1 (Frank et al, 2002). No data are available on optimum N rates for inland saltgrass establishment, but Amen et al (1970) noted the beneficial effect of nitrate on breaking seed dormancy and seed germination. Although final biomasses of inland saltgrass and buffalograss were similar to those of bermudagrass (Leinauer et al, 2022), overall establishment of saltgrass was slower and coverage was less than for bermudagrass and buffalograss on three out of four year × irrigation treatment combinations (Figure 1).…”

Section: Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing three warm‐season turfgrasses with tailored water: I. Growth, cover, and nitrate leaching losses

et al. 2022

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Although treated effluent is being increasingly used to irrigate mature turfgrass, information on its use to establish grass is limited. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2017 to examine establishment and nitrate leaching from three warm‐season grasses: buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Natt.) Eng.] ‘SWI 2000’, inland saltgrass [Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene], and bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] ‘Princess77’. All grasses were grown with tailored (tertiary treated effluent with 15 mg L–1 of NO3–N) water. Grasses were established from seed in a loamy sand and irrigated with either tailored or potable water plus granular Ca(NO3)2 fertilizer. Leachate collected at 10‐ and 30‐cm depths was analyzed for NO3–N and electrical conductivity. Overall, establishment was faster and coverage was greater in 2015 than in 2017, but neither differed between irrigation treatments when grasses were analyzed separately. At the end of both establishment periods, bermudagrass and buffalograss coverage was generally greater than that of inland saltgrass. In 2017, bermudagrass irrigated with tailored water resulted in greater coverage than buffalograss or inland saltgrass. In 2015, nitrate concentrations were greater in leachate collected from bermudagrass and inland saltgrass irrigated with tailored water than from grasses irrigated with potable water. Nitrate concentrations in leachate were generally lower in 2017, reaching a maximum value of 65.3 mg L–1 when averaged over all treatment combinations, and did not differ between treatments. Our data suggest that the three grasses studied can be successfully established from seed using tailored waters.

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THE NATURE OF SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION IN THE SALT MARSH GRASS DISTICHLIS SPICATA

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Techniques for Enhancing Saltgrass Seed Germination and Establishment

Techniques for Enhancing Saltgrass Seed Germination and Establishment

Seed Dispersal and Seedling Emergence in a Created and a Natural Salt Marsh on the Gulf of Mexico Coast in Southwest Louisiana, U.S.A.

Establishing three warm‐season turfgrasses with tailored water: I. Growth, cover, and nitrate leaching losses

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