The Nature of Mineralizing Fluids of the Kipushi Zn-Cu Deposit, Katanga, Democratic Repubic of Congo: Quantitative Fluid Inclusion Analysis using Laser Ablation ICP-MS and Bulk Crush-Leach Methods

Heijlen, Wouter; Banks, David; Muchez, Philippe; Stensgard, Bo M.; Yardley, B. W. D.

doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.103.7.1459

Cited by 76 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Its probable origin is in Paleoproterozoic metasediments from the Kasaï Block and it hence exhibits east-west gradients in the Copperbelt, with cobalt content overall decreasing from the western to the southeastern part of the Copperbelt, including the Zambian deposits (Dewaele et al, 2006;De Putter et al, 2018). By contrast, cobalt is less abundant or absent in "late" hydrothermal Cu-Pb-Zn deposits such as Kipushi (Heylen et al, 2008), Dikulushi (Haest et al, 2009(Haest et al, , 2010 and Kansanshi (Torrealday et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenancing Central African copper croisettes: A first chemical and lead isotope characterisation of currencies in Central and Southern Africa

Rademakers

Nikis

Putter

et al. 2019

Journal of Archaeological Science

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A B S T R A C TThe Copperbelt is one of the richest copper deposits in the world and has been an important primary metal source for Central African cultures for over a millennium. The technology underlying this exploitation and the trade networks through which copper was exchanged, however, have not yet received much attention in archaeological research. This paper presents the first geochemical dataset for archaeological copper currencies in Central and Southern Africa: croisette ingots. Chemical and lead isotope analysis have been carried out for 45 precolonial copper artefacts with the aim of illuminating their provenance and production technology. The results show that highly pure copper with very low trace element content was produced, indicating the selection, beneficiation and smelting of specific Copperbelt ores. The variable croisette compositions and shapes reflected in burial assemblages support their suggested use as currencies over a large area. This study offers a highly novel contribution to provenance research in Central and Southern Africa, shedding new light on the broader trade networks associated with copper provisioning in these regions. The exploitation of a range of ore sources throughout the 2nd millennium CE has been identified, with a marked shift around the mid-15th century CE largely correlating to croisette typologies. Furthermore, these different geochemical copper signatures can be tentatively related to different Copperbelt zones. Combining these results with archaeological and historical evidence for regional copper production and consumption, this study provides a framework for the future study of copper production and exchange systems in the wider Central and Southern African region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenancing Central African copper croisettes: A first chemical and lead isotope characterisation of currencies in Central and Southern Africa

Rademakers

Nikis

Putter

et al. 2019

Journal of Archaeological Science

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“…Brines penetrating the weathered basement have all the features (temperature, chloride content) required for an optimal metal solubilisation and complexation, as shown by the increased metal concentrations in fluids at increasing chlorinity and temperature (Yardley 2005). High metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn) for sedimentary brines have been reported from most carbonate‐hosted base metal deposits (Heijlen et al. 2008; Piqué et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid flows and metal deposition near basement /cover unconformity: lessons and analogies from Pb–Zn–F–Ba systems for the understanding of Proterozoic U deposits

Boiron¹,

Cathelineau²,

Richard³

2010

Geofluids

105

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Fluid circulation at basement ⁄ cover unconformities is of first importance for metal transfer and especially the formation of Pb-Zn, F, Ba and U-deposits. This is typically the case for world-class Proterozoic U deposits (Canada, Australia, Gabon) in basins, which show many similarities with younger Pb-Zn-F-Ba systems (Irish Paleozoic Pb-Zn deposits, F-Pb-Zn-Ba deposits related to extensional tectonics from Spain, western France and Silesia and fluid movements related to continental rifting in the Rhine graben). As fluid mixing near the basement ⁄ cover unconformity is one of the key factors for ore formation, a series of parameters have been considered for both systems: the time gap between basin formation and metal deposit, the origin and nature of the ore fluids, the temperature of fluid end members and the style of migration. Results show great similarities in all fluid systems: (i) a wide range of fluid salinity indicating the lack of homogeneity of fluid chemistry at the scale of the reservoirs, (ii) the deep penetration of brines through faults and dense networks of microfractures within the basement below the unconformity, (iii) local fluid-rock interaction leading to porosity increase and significant fluid changes in fluid chemistry, (iv) a pulsatory fluid regime during fluid trapping, (v) anisothermal fluid mixing revealed by a systematic temperature gap between brines and recharge fluids, (vi) stages of fluid movements facilitated by discontinuous opening related to later tectonic ⁄ telogenetic stages linked to major geodynamic events, typically without related sedimentation and burial (exception in a few cases characterized by the synchronous production and penetration of surface brines and ore genesis). By analogy with younger systems, the conditions of burial and penetration of brines in the Archean basement suggest that thermal convection drove the brine movements, and was possibly linked to extensional tectonics in a part of the giant mid-Proterozoic U-deposits.

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“…Advances in microanalytical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy (Dubessy et al 1989;Burke 2001;Frezzotti et al 2012) and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) (G€ unther et al 1997, 1998Heinrich et al 2003;Allan et al 2005;Guillong & Heinrich 2007;Stoffell et al 2008) now permit complete analysis of the chemical composition of individual fluid inclusions, including the volatile content and the concentrations of dissolved rock-forming elements, ore metals, sulfur and halogens (Seo et al 2011). Multi-element analysis of fluid inclusions with LA-ICPMS has been widely applied to hydrothermal ore deposits (Aud etat et al 2000;Heijlen et al 2008;Stoffell et al 2008;Fusswinkel et al 2013), but only few studies have addressed the composition of fluids in regionally metamorphosed terrains (Th ebaud et al 2006;Marsala et al 2013;Miron et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical evolution of metamorphic fluids in the Central Alps, Switzerland: insight from LA‐ICPMS analysis of fluid inclusions

Rauchenstein-Martinek

Wagner

Wälle

et al. 2016

Geofluids

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The chemical evolution of fluids in Alpine fissure veins (open cavities with large free‐standing crystals) has been studied by combination of fluid inclusion petrography, microthermometry, LA‐ICPMS microanalysis, and thermodynamic modeling. The quartz vein systems cover a metamorphic cross section through the Central Alps (Switzerland), ranging from subgreenschist‐ to amphibolite‐facies conditions. Fluid compositions change from aqueous inclusions in subgreenschist‐ and greenschist‐facies rocks to aqueous–carbonic inclusions in amphibolite‐facies rocks. The fluid composition is constant for each vein, across several fluid inclusion generations that record the growth history of the quartz crystals. Chemical solute geothermometry, fluid inclusion isochores, and constraints from fluid–mineral equilibria modeling were used to reconstruct the pressure–temperature conditions of the Alpine fissure veins and to compare them with the metamorphic path of their host rocks. The data demonstrate that fluids in the Aar massif were trapped close to the metamorphic peak whereas the fluids in the Penninic nappes record early cooling, consistent with retrograde alteration. The good agreement between the fluid–mineral equilibria modeling and observed fluid compositions and host‐rock mineralogy suggests that the fluid inclusions were entrapped under rock‐buffered conditions. The molar Cl/Br ratios of the fluid inclusions are below the seawater value and would require unrealistically high degrees of evaporation and subsequent dilution if they were derived from seawater. The halogen data may thus be better explained by interaction between metamorphic fluids and organic matter or graphite in metasedimentary rocks. The volatile content (CO2, sulfur) in the fluid inclusions increases systematically as function of the metamorphic grade, suggesting that the fluids have been produced by prograde devolatilization reactions. Only the fluids in the highest grade rocks were partly modified by retrograde fluid–rock interactions, and all major element compositions reflect equilibration with the local host rocks during the earliest stages of postmetamorphic uplift.

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The Nature of Mineralizing Fluids of the Kipushi Zn-Cu Deposit, Katanga, Democratic Repubic of Congo: Quantitative Fluid Inclusion Analysis using Laser Ablation ICP-MS and Bulk Crush-Leach Methods

Cited by 76 publications

References 101 publications

Provenancing Central African copper croisettes: A first chemical and lead isotope characterisation of currencies in Central and Southern Africa

Provenancing Central African copper croisettes: A first chemical and lead isotope characterisation of currencies in Central and Southern Africa

Fluid flows and metal deposition near basement /cover unconformity: lessons and analogies from Pb–Zn–F–Ba systems for the understanding of Proterozoic U deposits

Chemical evolution of metamorphic fluids in the Central Alps, Switzerland: insight from LA‐ICPMS analysis of fluid inclusions

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