The Nature of Intelligence

Guilford, J. P.; Thurstone, L. L.

doi:10.2307/1413703

Cited by 259 publications

(388 citation statements)

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“…Along similar lines, Kirk and Lewis (in press) investigated whether children produce more creative answers in the Alternative Uses Test (e.g., "list all nonconventional uses of newspaper", Guilford, 1967) when gesturing. When free to move their hands, the more children gestured, the greater the number of valid solutions they generated.…”

Section: Gesture Production Facilitates Exploration Of Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

Kita

Alibali

Chu

2017

Psychological Review

239

264

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Permanent WRAP URL:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/84187 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Publisher's statement: © 2017, American Psychological Association. This paper is not the copy of record and may not exactly replicate the final, authoritative version of the article. Please do not copy or cite without authors permission. The final article will be available, upon publication, via its DOI: 10.1037/rev0000059 A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or, version of record, if you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the 'permanent WRAP URL' above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. AbstractPeople spontaneously produce gestures during speaking and thinking. We focus here on gestures that depict or indicate information related to the contents of concurrent speech or thought (i.e., representational gestures). Previous research indicates that such gestures have not only communicative functions, but also self-oriented cognitive functions. In this paper, we propose a new theoretical framework, the Gesture-forConceptualization Hypothesis, which explains the self-oriented functions of representational gestures. According to this framework, representational gestures affect cognitive processes in four main ways: gestures activate, manipulate, package and explore spatio-motoric representations for speaking and thinking. These four functions are shaped by gesture's ability to schematize information, that is, to focus on a small subset of available information that is potentially relevant to the task at hand. The framework is based on the assumption that gestures are generated from the same system that generates practical actions, such as object manipulation; however, gestures are distinct from practical actions in that they represent information. The framework provides a novel, parsimonious and comprehensive account of the self-oriented functions of gestures. We discuss how the framework accounts for gestures that depict abstract or metaphoric content, and we consider implications for the relations between self-oriented and communicative functions of gestures.

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Section: Gesture Production Facilitates Exploration Of Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

Kita

Alibali

Chu

2017

Psychological Review

239

264

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“…Based on our previous research on the cognitive basis of option generation , we Lehrl, 1999), and ideation fluency (number of responses on the brick item of the Alternate Uses Test; Guilford, 1967). Each test score was z-transformed based on HC group data.…”

Section: Cognitive Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apathy in schizophrenia as a deficit in the generation of options for action.

Hartmann¹,

Kluge²,

Kalis³

et al. 2015

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Negative symptoms are a core feature of schizophrenia and have been grouped into 2 factors: a motivational factor, which we refer to as apathy, and a diminished expression factor. Recent studies have shown that apathy is closely linked to functional outcome. However, knowledge about its mechanisms and its relation to decision-making is limited. In the current study, we examined whether apathy in schizophrenia is associated with predecisional deficits, that is, deficits in the generation of options for action. We applied verbal protocol analysis to investigate the quantity of options generated in ill-structured real world scenarios in 30 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 21 healthy control participants. Patients generated significantly fewer options than control participants and clinical apathy ratings correlated negatively with the quantity of generated options. We show that the association between measures of psychopathology and option generation is most pronounced in regard to apathy symptoms and that it is only partially mediated by deficits in verbal fluency. This study provides empirical support for dysfunctional option generation as a possible mechanism for apathy in schizophrenia. Our data emphasize the potential importance of predecisional stages in the development and persistence of apathy symptoms in neuropsychiatric disorders and might also inform the development of novel treatment options in the realm of cognitive remediation. a motivational factor, which we refer to as apathy, and a diminished expression factor. Recent studies have shown that apathy is closely linked to functional outcome. However, knowledge about its mechanisms and its relation to decision-making is limited. In the current study, we examined whether apathy in schizophrenia is associated with predecisional deficits, that is, deficits in the generation of options for action. We applied verbal protocol analysis to investigate the quantity of options generated in ill-structured real world scenarios in 30 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 21 healthy control participants. Patients generated significantly fewer options than control participants and clinical apathy ratings correlated negatively with the quantity of generated options. We show that the association between measures of psychopathology and option generation is most pronounced in regard to apathy symptoms and that it is only partially mediated by deficits in verbal fluency. This study provides empirical support for dysfunctional option generation as a possible mechanism for apathy in schizophrenia. Our data emphasize the potential importance of predecisional stages in the development and persistence of apathy symptoms in neuropsychiatric disorders and might also inform the development of novel treatment options in the realm of cognitive remediation.

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“…Divergent thinking refers to the fluency and flexibility with which new representations become activated in working memory (Guilford, 1967;Guilford and Hoepfner, 1971). It is characterized by a destructured mode of mental processing that aims to activate as many mental representations as possible with only a weak associative connection to the task stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is characterized by a destructured mode of mental processing that aims to activate as many mental representations as possible with only a weak associative connection to the task stimulus. Divergent thinking is usually contrasted with convergent thinking, which refers to an analytic mode of working memory operations focussing on a few strongly associated representations, the activation of which converges upon a final solution that is either right or wrong and whose mental representation is probably most clearly connected to all aspects of the task representation (Guilford, 1967;Guilford and Hoepfner, 1971). Around ovulation, divergent creative abilities such as the production of fantasies and fluency of speech were found to be enhanced, whereas no such increase was found for convergent abilities of thinking, such as mental arithmetic (Brunel, 1991;Slob et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Influences of Estrogen and Testosterone on Divergent and Convergent Thinking in Postmenopausal Women

Krug

Mölle

Dodt

et al. 2003

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Previous studies indicated an enhanced capability of divergent creative thinking in young women during the ovulatory phase, which expressed itself also by an increased dimensional complexity of ongoing electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Considering the enhanced plasma levels of estrogen and testosterone characterizing the ovulatory phase, we tested whether short-term administration of estrogen or testosterone in postmenopausal women with constantly low levels of gonadal steroids induces similar changes in divergent thinking. In two placebo-controlled cross-over studies, healthy postmenopausal women (n ¼ 12, in each study, mean age 58 years, range 47-65 years) were treated transdermally over 3 days with estrogen and testosterone, respectively, at doses inducing plasma hormone concentrations comparable with those observed in young women around ovulation. Capabilities of divergent thought and convergent analytical thought, performance on motor perseveration, and verbal memory were examined. EEG activity was recorded while subjects performed on tasks of thinking and during mental relaxation. Estrogen impaired divergent thinking (po0.01) and enhanced convergent thinking, motor perseveration, and memory for the initial word list (po0.05 for all tests). In parallel, EEG dimensional complexity was reduced (po0.05). Overall, these changes indicate an estrogen-induced shift from a 'divergent' towards a more 'convergent' mode of processing. However, overall less consistent, effects of testosterone were opposite to those of estrogen. It increased performance on some of the divergent thinking tasks (po0.05), and tended to increase EEG dimensional complexity during divergent thinking. Data indicate a differential sensitivity of modes of thinking to short-term treatment with estrogen and testosterone in postmenopausal women.

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The Nature of Intelligence

Cited by 259 publications

References 0 publications

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

How do gestures influence thinking and speaking? The gesture-for-conceptualization hypothesis.

Apathy in schizophrenia as a deficit in the generation of options for action.

Acute Influences of Estrogen and Testosterone on Divergent and Convergent Thinking in Postmenopausal Women

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