The nature and determinants of spatial retreat in the pigeon between periodic grain presentations

Cohen, Perrin S.; Campagnoni, F. R.

doi:10.3758/bf03205211

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Because the birds pecked the escape key, Azrin concluded that schedules of positive reinforcement have aversive aspects. Other studies of FR schedules (Appel, 1963; Ator, 1980; Thompson, 1964, 1965), FI schedules (Brown & Flory, 1972; Cohen & Campagnoni, 1989), and progressive‐ratio schedules (Dardano, 1973, 1974) have confirmed escape responding during the period immediately following reinforcer delivery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The notion that pausing might function as a form of escape that can occur when an explicit escape contingency has not been arranged is supported by the fact that manipulation of schedule parameters affects pausing and escape similarly on simple FR schedules. Escape, like pausing, tends to be directly related to increases in FR size (Azrin, 1961; Appel, 1963; Thompson, 1964, 1965) and FI duration (Brown & Flory, 1972; Cohen & Campagnoni, 1989). More recent data from multiple schedules ties the aversiveness notion directly to the procedures used in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Williams

Saunders

Perone

2011

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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We conducted three experiments to reproduce and extend Perone and Courtney's (1992) study of pausing at the beginning of fixed-ratio schedules. In a multiple schedule with unequal amounts of food across two components, they found that pigeons paused longest in the component associated with the smaller amount of food (the lean component), but only when it was preceded by the rich component. In our studies, adults with mild intellectual disabilities responded on a touch-sensitive computer monitor to produce money. In Experiment 1, the multiple-schedule components differed in both response requirement and reinforcer magnitude (i.e., the rich component required fewer responses and produced more money than the lean component). Effects shown with pigeons were reproduced in all 7 participants. In Experiment 2, we removed the stimuli that signaled the two schedule components, and participants' extended pausing was eliminated. In Experiment 3, to assess sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude versus fixed-ratio size, we presented conditions with equal ratio sizes but disparate magnitudes and conditions with equal magnitudes but disparate ratio sizes. Sensitivity to these manipulations was idiosyncratic. The present experiments obtained schedule control in verbally competent human participants and, despite procedural differences, we reproduced findings with animal participants. We showed that pausing is jointly determined by past conditions of reinforcement and stimuli correlated with upcoming conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Williams

Saunders

Perone

2011

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

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“…An important assumption is that all segments of the CS are equally detected. However, presentation of the CS immediately following the US may not constitute a functional cue, since pigeons withdraw from the CS/US site immediately following US offset (Cohen & Campagnoni, 1989;Staddon & Simmelhag, 1971). It is possible that such behavior is a determinant of the value of Cooper and Brownstein's parameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of trial duration on overall and momentary rates of maintained autoshaped keypecking: Choice and single-stimulus trials

Hemmes

Brown

Vaca

1990

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Pigeons were exposed to differentially cued autoshaping trials in which conditioned stimuli were followed by food after 6 or 14 sec. Average and momentary rates of keypecking were examined on two types of unreinforced test trials: single-stimulus probe trials and simultaneous choice trials, each 40 sec in duration. Rates averaged over the 40-sec test trials did not favor the cue associated with the shorter delay to food (the short-delay cue) on either type of test trial; however, average rates prior to the scheduled time of food delivery were reliably higher for the short-delay cue on choice trials. Momentary rates of keypecking during choice trials varied as a function of both cue and elapsed time from trial onset. At short elapsed trial times, rate ofpecking was higher for the short-delay cue, with this difference reversing at longer times. A reversal of the programmed relation between key color and delay to food presentation for 5 birds confirmed the generality of these findings. Implications of these data for models of Pavlovian conditioning and for methods of assessing conditioned response strength are discussed.As with other Pavlovian preparations, speed of acquisition under autoshaping procedures shows strong dependence upon parameters of reinforcement (Balsam, 1984; Gibbon, Baldock, Locurto, Gold, & Terrace, 1977; Gibbon, Farrell, Locurto, Duncan, & Terrace, 1980;Jenkins, Barnes, & Barerra, 1981). However, a more traditional measure of strength of keypeck responding-rate of maintained responding-shows less sensitivity to these variables (Balsam & Payne, 1979;Crawford, Steirn, & Pavlik, 1985;Gonzalez, 1974;Kay, Hemmes, & Brown, 1984;Lucas, Deich, & Wasserman, 1981; Newlin & LoLordo, 1976;O'Connell & Rashotte, 1982;Perkins et al., 1975).These findings challenge the comparability of autoshaped keypecking with other indexes of Pavlovian conditioning. Gibbon et al. (1980) addressed this issue, noting that measures of keypecking pertaining to the first peck of a trial generally behave similarly to more traditional preparations, whereas measures that include all of the pecks in a trial may not. In their study of autoshaped responding, strength of the first response (latency) in a trial increased with increasing probability of reinforceThis research was supported in part by Grant MH 39950-01 from the NationalInstituteof Mental Health, and by PSC/CUNY Grant 6-64350. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of David Kay in the developmentof this project.Requests for reprintsmay be sent to NancyHemmes, Department of Psychology, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367. ment, while strength of subsequent responses (rate) varied inversely with reinforcement probability. Similar effects were reported by Picker and Poling (1982), who used a within-subjects design. Overall rates of responding on single-stimulus trials favored the partially reinforced cue; however, the locus of the first peck on choice trials revealed a clear preference for a cue associated with a 100% probability of reinforcement. This effect has also ...

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“…In contrast, State II potentiates gross skeletal and locomotor activities that represent an induced tendency to explore the environment (Berlyne, 1960). From this perspective, time-out responding reflects the positively reinforcing value of stimulus change rather than a tendency to escape from the reinforcer schedule (see Cohen & Campagnoni, 1989).…”

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confidence: 99%

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

Lawler

Cohen

1992

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Five rats were exposed to fixed-time food schedules, ranging from 30 to 480 sec. Three rats displayed a postfood pattern of schedule-induced drinking, with short latencies from food delivery to drinking at all interfood interval durations. In contrast, drinking for the other 2 subjects tended to occur at lower overall levels, and drinking bouts frequently began in the middle of the interfood interval, such that the latency from food delivery to drinking increased dramatically as the interfood interval increased. Observation of these 2 subjects revealed that another form of licking-pawgrooming-occurred reliably after food delivery and before drinking bouts. A betweensubject comparison of the 3 postfood drinkers and the 2 pawgroomers revealed that, in addition to a common topography (repetitive licking), pawgrooming and drinking were similar with respect to their temporal locus, relation to the interfood interval, and extinction baseline levels. These similarities suggest that drinking and pawgrooming are induced by a common mechanism. Cohen, Looney, Campagnoni, and Lawler's (1985) two-state model of reinforcer-induced motivation provides a useful framework for the interpretation of these results.When hungry rats receive small portions of food intermittently, distinctive behaviors emerge in the period following each food delivery. These behaviors include excessive drinking, chewing and ingesting nonfood substances (pica), attack, general locomotor activity, and responding to change the stimuli associated with the food schedule (time-out responding) (Falk, 1971(Falk, , 1981Killeen, 1975;Staddon, 1977). Falk (1971) coined the term adjunctive to call attention to similarities among these behaviors, and to distinguish them from instances of classical or operant conditioning. The temporal locus of adjunctive behaviors has been particularly important to speculations that they reflect an arousing (Cantor, 1981;Cook, Wallace, & Singer, 1983;Killeen, 1975;Wayner, 1970) or aversive (Azrin, Hutchinson, & Hake, 1966;Rosellini, 1985;Staddon, 1977) Cohen, Looney, Campagnoni, and Lawler (1985) and Campagnoni, Lawler, and Cohen (1986) reported interesting differences in the temporal properties of several schedule-induced (adjunctive) behaviors in pigeons. They found that attack is reactive, occurring immediately postfood and reaching peak levels at the same absolute time (5-10 sec after food delivery), regardless of the overall length of the interfood interval. In contrast, three other induced behaviors, increased general activity, time-out responding, and movement away from the food site, occur after attack and exhibit scalar (proportional) timing (Gibbon, 1977). In other words, the onset of these activities depends on the overall interval between food deliveries, that is, they reach peak levels at the same relative point (25 %-35 % of the interfood interval) after food. Cohen et al. (1985) have proposed a two-state model of reinforcer-induced motivation as a way of interpreting these results. The model states that differences ...

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The nature and determinants of spatial retreat in the pigeon between periodic grain presentations

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Extended Pausing by Humans on Multiple Fixed-Ratio Schedules With Varied Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirements

Effects of trial duration on overall and momentary rates of maintained autoshaped keypecking: Choice and single-stimulus trials

Temporal patterns of schedule-induced drinking and pawgrooming in rats exposed to periodic food

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