The nature and consequences of false memories for visual stimuli

Otgaar, Henry; Howe, Mark L.; Lippe, Felix; Smeets, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.04.007

Cited by 15 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…To rule out this possibility, in Experiment 2, we used the same DRM lists for the word condition and the picture condition, which required a between-subjects design. That is, the word lists were matched with the picture lists such that each picture list was the pictorial form of a word list (see Wang et al, 2018). Another limitation of Experiment 1 was that each reference condition had only four lists, so four critical lures in total, which might reduce the power.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lists were taken from previous studies (Howe, Garner, & Patel, 2013; Wang et al, 2017). The picture lists were pictorial versions of DRM word lists that were normed for image and name agreement (i.e., to what extent the picture represents the DRM concept—see Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980; Wang et al, 2018). The picture lists have a mean image agreement rating of 4.22 ( SD = 0.48) on a scale of 1–5 (see Wang et al, 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The picture lists were pictorial versions of DRM word lists that were normed for image and name agreement (i.e., to what extent the picture represents the DRM concept—see Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980; Wang et al, 2018). The picture lists have a mean image agreement rating of 4.22 ( SD = 0.48) on a scale of 1–5 (see Wang et al, 2018). Word lists and picture lists were matched in backward associative strength (BAS).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, unlike the boosting effect of relational processing on false memory, item-specific processing or distinctive encoding has been found to reduce false memories (Huff & Bodner, 2019). For example, research showed that pictorial DRM lists, which contain more item-specific details, can suppress false memories of critical lures relative to their corresponding verbal DRM lists (Schacter et al, 1999; Wang et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Self-referential false associations: A self-enhanced constructive effect for verbal but not pictorial stimuli

Otgaar

Howe

Cheng

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Memory is considered to be a flexible and reconstructive system. However, there is little experimental evidence demonstrating how associations are falsely constructed in memory and even less is known about the role of the self in memory construction. We investigated whether false associations involving non-presented stimuli can be constructed in episodic memory and if the self plays a role in such memory construction. In two experiments, we paired participants’ own names (i.e., self-reference) or the name “Adele” (i.e., other-reference) with words and pictures from Deese/Roediger–McDermott (DRM) lists. We found that (1) participants not only falsely remembered the non-presented lure words and pictures as having been presented, but also misremembered that they were paired with their own name or “Adele”, depending on the referenced person of related DRM lists; and (2) there were more critical lure-self associations constructed in the self-reference condition than critical lure-other associations in the other-reference condition for word but not for picture stimuli. These results suggest a self-enhanced constructive effect that might be driven by both relational and item-specific processing. Our results support the spreading activation account for constructive episodic memory.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Self-referential false associations: A self-enhanced constructive effect for verbal but not pictorial stimuli

Otgaar

Howe

Cheng

2021

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…For example, in Koutstaal et al's (2003) study, older adults, who typically have higher false memory rates than younger adults, only made more errors when novel shapes were given verbal labels. Similarly, Wang et al (2018) concluded that false memories from pictures are due to the contributions of conceptual information. Using abstract images as stimuli, Sikora-Wachowicz et al (2019) observed false memories in younger and older adults in a short-term memory task.…”

Section: Manipulations Of Structural Similarity: Phonological and Orthographic Listsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulations of List Type in the DRM Paradigm: A Review of How Structural and Conceptual Similarity Affect False Memory

et al. 2021

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The use of list-learning paradigms to explore false memory has revealed several critical findings about the contributions of similarity and relatedness in memory phenomena more broadly. Characterizing the nature of “similarity and relatedness” can inform researchers about factors contributing to memory distortions and about the underlying associative and semantic networks that support veridical memory. Similarity can be defined in terms of semantic properties (e.g., shared conceptual and taxonomic features), lexical/associative properties (e.g., shared connections in associative networks), or structural properties (e.g., shared orthographic or phonological features). By manipulating the type of list and its relationship to a non-studied critical item, we review the effects of these types of similarity on veridical and false memory. All forms of similarity reviewed here result in reliable error rates and the effects on veridical memory are variable. The results across a variety of paradigms and tests provide partial support for a number of theoretical explanations of false memory phenomena, but none of the theories readily account for all results.

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Self‐relevance enhances susceptibility to false memory

Wang,

Otgaar

et al. 2024

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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Eyewitness testimony serves as important evidence in the legal system. Eyewitnesses of a crime can be either the victims themselves—for whom the experience is highly self‐referential—or can be bystanders who witness and thus encode the crime in relation to others. There is a gap in past research investigating whether processing information in relation to oneself versus others would later impact people's suggestibility to misleading information. In two experiments (Ns = 68 and 122) with Dutch and Chinese samples, we assessed whether self‐reference of a crime event (i.e., victim vs. bystander) affected their susceptibility to false memory creation. Using a misinformation procedure, we photoshopped half of the participants' photographs into a crime slideshow so that they saw themselves as victims of a nonviolent crime, while others watched the slideshow as mock bystander witnesses. In both experiments, participants displayed a self‐enhanced suggestibility effect: Participants who viewed themselves as victims created more false memories after receiving misinformation than those who witnessed the same crime as bystanders. These findings suggest that self‐reference might constitute a hitherto new risk factor in the formation of false memories when evaluating eyewitness memory reports.

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The nature and consequences of false memories for visual stimuli

Abstract: This paper has been supported by a fellowship from China Scholarship Council (CSC) to Jianqin Wang [No. 201406100057].

Cited by 15 publications

References 58 publications

Self-referential false associations: A self-enhanced constructive effect for verbal but not pictorial stimuli

Self-referential false associations: A self-enhanced constructive effect for verbal but not pictorial stimuli

Manipulations of List Type in the DRM Paradigm: A Review of How Structural and Conceptual Similarity Affect False Memory

Self‐relevance enhances susceptibility to false memory

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